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{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Republic of New Netherland|largest_city=[[New Amsterdam]]|lower_house=Second Chamber|upper_house=First Chamber|legislature=States-General|religion=Reformed Church </br> Orthodox Church </br> [[Catholic Church]] </br> Lutheranism </br> Anabaptism </br> Others|regional_languages=English (in [[New Anglia]])|official_languages=[[Amerikaens]]|capital=[[New Amsterdam]]|native_name=Republÿck Nieuw Nederlandt|currency_code=NND|currency=New Netherland daelder|established=1795|map_width=225px|flag_width=175px|image_map=Locator_NewNetherland.png|image_flag=Flag of New Netherland.svg|government_type=Republic|demonym=New Netherlander|national_anthem=Bewape de Amerikaeners|image_coat=New Netherland Coat of Arms.png}} |
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{{Nation |
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|common_name=New Netherland |
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'''New Netherland''' ''(''[[Amerikaens]]'': Nieuw Nederlandt),'' officially the '''Republic of New Netherland''', is a republican nation located in northeast America. It is bordered by [[New England]] to the northeast, [[New France]] to the northwest, [[Tussenland]] to the west, and [[Virginia]] to the south. The country originated as a Dutch colony in the early 17th century, eventually achieving independence during the [[Augustine Wars]] and finally becoming a democratic state in the Revolution of 1903. |
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|full_name=Republic of New Netherland |
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|local_name=Nieuw-Nederlandt |
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== Etymology == |
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|lifespan=1621-1796 |
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The first use of the name 'New Netherland' to describe the country is generally attributed to Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May, who had used it on survey maps during the expeditions of 1611-1614. In Latin, the nation's name is usually rendered as ''Nova Belgica'' or less commonly, ''Nova Hollandia''. In the French language, ''Nouvelle Hollande'' has become the predominant term. |
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|flag=Flag of New Netherland.svg |
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|established=1621 |
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|motto=Insert motto here (Anthem) |
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|capital= New Amsterdam |
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|largest_city= {{unbulleted_list | New Amsterdam | New Amstel}} |
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|population= 55 Million |
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|government_type= Republic |
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|area= 999 000km |
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|languages= {{unbulleted_list | Amerikaans (Official) | English}} |
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|currency= {{unbulleted_list | Amerikaanse Guilder (AMG), current | New Netherland Daalder (NND), until 2003}} |
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}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Main|History of New Netherland}} |
{{Main|History of New Netherland}} |
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==== Colonial era ==== |
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''This is summary of New Netherland's history. See [[History of New Netherland]] for the unabridged and complete history.'' |
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Members of the United New Netherland Company established settlements around modern [[New Amsterdam]] in the early 17th century in order to participate in the North American fur trade until the company's dissolution in 1618. Three years later, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) was established and was soon followed by the appointment of [[Cornelius Jacobsen May]] as the first Director of New Netherland in 1624. In 1629, the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was established the longstanding [[Patroonship system|feudal patroonship system]] in an effort to organize the colonization of the area. |
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As the population of the colony grew, people became dissatisfied with the rule of the WIC. Director [[Willem Kieft]] began a war with the Lenape in 1643 against the wishes of the Council of Eight Men, a board of citizens and early form of representational democracy in New Netherland. As a consequence of the disarray in the colony, new director [[Peter Stuyvesant]] allowed the formation of the Council of Nine Men was established in 1647, led by lawyer and recent arrival [[Adriaen van der Donck]]. The Nine Men signed and submitted the ''Remonstrance of New Netherland and the occurrences there'' in 1649, advocating for the reform of the colony's management. Stuyvesant was intent on suppressing any call for change, leading to van der Donck arriving in the [[Netherlands]] in 1652 to personally champion his ideas. Four years later in 1656, the Municipal Charter was granted to New Netherland. Adriaen van der Donck replaced Stuyvesant as Director to the satisfaction of many colonists. |
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The province of New Netherland experienced exponential growth after the 1656 Charter. Land law reform, the arrival of more immigrants, the democratization of the government, and large changes to the justice system all occurred in quick succession over the following years. In talks with the [[Hödenoshieoné]], the [[Treaty of Perpetual Alliance (1658)|1658 Treaty of Perpetual Alliance]] was signed. The following year, the innovative paramilitary Komando system was established under the auspices of Paulus van der Grist in order to defend the colony against foreign encroachment. |
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===Pre-PoD New Netherland (1611-1656)=== |
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====Establishment of New Netherland (1611)==== |
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Henry Hudson was hired by the Dutch West India company to seek a passage to Asia in 1611. Hudson sailed to the northeast to find this passage, but instead found the coasts of what is now New England and New Netherland. |
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The [[History of Europe#Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second Anglo-Dutch War]] broke out in 1665 against the Kingdom of England and their colonies in North America. After two years of battle, New Netherland emerged victorious, successfully annexing the English colonies of Maryland and Connecticut. The Treaty of Breda was signed by Director [[Jacob van Couwenhoven]] in 1667, ensuring the country's survival for centuries to come. |
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After he had reported to the Dutch Republic of this fertile land with inhabitants willing to trade, merchants came settling in, and multiple settlements were built. In 1624, the settlement of New Amsterdam was built on Manhattan Island. New Netherland was also declared as a province of the Dutch Republic in the same year, and was ruled by Director-Generals appointed by the Dutch WIC. |
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====Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions & The Patroonship System (1629)==== |
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In order to encourage settlership, the Dutch West India company established the patroon system in 1629. In this declaration, any person who can bring in and settle at least 50 persons over the age of 15 in New Netherland, should receive a liberal grant of land to hold as patroon, or lord, with the exception of Manhattan. |
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====Growing Disillusion in the Colony==== |
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As the population of New Netherland grew, the people were becoming more disenchanted with the governance of the Dutch WIC over New Netherland. In order to appease the colonists, the Dutch WIC had convened multiple councils composed of colonists to advise the Director-General. However, the advice of these councils were often ignored by the Director-General. This disgruntlement was amplified when a Director-General, Willem Kieft, started a war against the natives over stolen pigs in 1643, against the wishes of the colonial council. |
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====The Remonstrance of New Netherland==== |
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As a response to Kieft’s war, the Board of Nine, led by colonist and lawyer [[Adriaen van der Donck]], penned a complaint to the Dutch Republic against the unresponsiveness of the Dutch WIC to the colonists’ rights and requests. This document was called the Remonstrance of New Netherland, and had condemned the WIC for mismanagement and demanded full rights for the colonists as citizens of the Netherlands. |
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===[PoD] The Municipal Charter of 1656=== |
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The Dutch WIC responded to the complaints by appointing Peter Stuyvesant as the Director-General. During this time, land ownership regulations were loosened and liberalized, and the province experienced exponential growth. However, multiple complaints were still made against the WIC’s control and governance over the province. |
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As the [[History of Europe#Great Silesian War: 1750–1755|Silesian War]] erupted in Europe in the mid 18th century, [[Prince Maurice's War]] erupted in the Americas. [[Hans Theodor Adams]], considered one of the greatest leaders of the country during the colonial period, was appointed Director in 1750. The conclusion of the war in 1755 guaranteed New Netherland's influence over the Hödenoshieoné Confederacy in the west, decisively preventing any French interference with the government's expansionist plans. The New Netherlander Komando paramilitaries gained valuable experience during this war and were remembered for the failed Siege of Mont Royal in the winter of 1752. Along with leading the country during the war, Director Adams compiled the ''[[Köpmanswetbück]]'' in 1762, the first legal code in New Netherland's history and the mother of [[Amerikaener]] commercial law. |
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This had led [[Adriaen van der Donck]] to return to the Dutch Republic once again and seek redress. After years of political and legal wrangling, the Dutch Republic finally came down against the Dutch WIC and decided to grant New Netherland a new municipal charter in 1652, which granted them a popularly elected government to govern internal affairs. |
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Throughout the remainder of the 18th century, New Netherland was plagued with disputes between various patroons and the continuation of their exploitative practices. In 1786, radical Director [[Sibren van Heemskerck]] approved the Statute on the Rights of Patroons, stripping the patroons of much of their absolute autonomy and centralizing the state under the authority of the Director. In 1792, the Military Assimilation Ordinance was issued by Heemskerck's successor [[Eleazar Henrÿcksz]]. The Ordinance bought out the vast majority of private militias in the country and established a regular standing army at the behest of the Director while simultaneously increasing tax rates on patroonships. |
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In OTL, this charter never took effect because of the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War. The States-General of the Dutch Republic feared experimentation with local government in a time of war, and needed the close cooperation of the West India Company (practically a branch of the military) in the struggle, and so rescinded their decision. Defeated, van der Donck tried to return to New Netherland, but was blocked because of the destabilizing effect of his activism. The charter was never revisited after the war and never granted to New Netherland. |
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==== Independence ==== |
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In this timeline, however, due to the continued activism of Van der Donck in the Dutch Republic after the war, the States-General proceeded with the municipal charter and established a popularly elected government in New Netherland in 1656, with Van Der Donck as the leader. This charter also barred the Dutch WIC from internal affairs and governance. |
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The [[Augustine Wars]] triggered political tensions in New Netherland. In 1795, the Prince of Orange had ordered the various rulers of the Dutch Republic to accept British rule in order to avoid French annexation in a compilation of letters, later known as the Kew Letters. This event divided political loyalties in New Netherland; the Loyalists were repulsed by the Prince's order and remained faithful to the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, contrary to the Orangists, who had accepted the order and were willing to accept British occupation. Director Henrÿcksz was a staunch Orangist and had taken steps to invite British forces into the country, triggering the violent revolt of the Loyalist Particularists. In April 1796, military leader Claes van Beeke and members of the Council of Nine were arrested by the New Netherland government. |
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===Post-Charter Years (1656-1699)=== |
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====NNL-Kommando (1659)==== |
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During the early years of New Netherland, the English colonists in the northeast have been settling on Dutch claimed territory. Numerous English settlements have been built on the west side of the Fresh River (Connecticut River), which was originally claimed by the Dutch. Having been defenseless, the few Dutch colonists in those areas were forced to abandon their settlements. |
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Relying on the support of the new French republic, the Loyalist forces led by [[Marÿn van der Beeke]] (who was declared leader of the country on 17 September 1796) repelled a British invasion from New England the same year. This conflict, known as the Autumn War, continued until 1798, when New Netherland's borders were finally secured. As stadtholder, van der Beeke enacted a new constitution in 1801. His successors, [[Isaac Kuyter]] and [[Hendrick I van Ackerhuys]], consolidated the power of the new government by abolishing slavery to protect peasantry in 1813, annexing the Hödenoshieoné in 1816, and issuing the Decree on Succession in 1835, making the stadtholdership a hereditary office. |
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As a response to these events, Van Der Donck established the ''NNL-Kommando'' system in 1659 (with the approval of the Dutch States-General, and by extension, the Dutch West India company, although reluctantly). The NNL-Kommando system was a military reserve system created for times of border skirmishes and for settlement defense in general. The system also provided the colonists with training in weaponry and defense. |
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Over the new few decades, the country entered and lost the [[Canton War]], engaged in the Battle of Connecticut with [[New England]] in 1853, purchased the islands of [[Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire]] from the Netherlands in 1861, and established a second constitutional government in 1870 after the death of [[Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys]] and a failed coup d'état. Seven stadtholders served under the second Constitution, ending with the [[Meerenland|Meerenlander]] politician [[Jan Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau]]. The [[Dutch-Mexican War]] of the early 20th century eventually triggered the Revolution of 1903, resulting in the deposition of Gelüs-Clérisseau and the ratification of a democratic constitution in 1903 under the first raedpensionaris of New Netherland, [[Mees van Haerst]] of the immensely popular Unity Party. |
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In the ''Kommando'' system, a chartered city/town (e.g. New Amsterdam) would have a ''kommando'' assigned, which would be headed by a field captain (''veld-kapiteyn''). Multiple ''kommandos'' would answer to a colonel, who in turn would answer to the Director-General of New Netherland. The ''Kommando'' units were composed of trained settlers and colonists, while the officers were trained professionally from the Dutch army. |
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====Mary Henrietta, Princess Royal and Dutch Sympathizer, becomes Heir of England (1660)==== |
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In 1660, the heir to the throne of England, James (b.1633), died due to illness at the age of 27. James was the brother of the incumbent king, Charles II. With Charles having no other children eligible to the throne, Charles II’s sister, Mary Henrietta, became heir presumptive of England. |
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==== Republican era ==== |
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This is a crucial event for New Netherland and the Dutch Republic, as Mary was currently married to the current stadtholder or leader of the Dutch Republic, William II. |
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From 1905, New Netherland asserted its independence against the Netherlands in the Quasi-War, leading to the victory of the Progressive Party in the elections of 1911. After the outset of the [[European Economic Crisis]], the government of Maurits Thomas Hudson took action to support [[Spain]] against Floridian revolutionaries during the Everglades War of the 1920s. The country's involvement in the war, perceived as wasteful and unnecessary, led to the election of the Free Destiny Party in 1927, which advocated for the expansion of government and the reformation of the education system. In 1931, party member [[Jan Kaspar Knip]] was elected as raedpensionaris. Knip pioneered the Anti-Atlanticist ideology, advocating for the complete independence of American nations. New Netherland supported insurrections in the [[Virginia#Yorktown%20Landings%2C%20and%20the%20Conservative%20Coup%20(1934)|Virginian Coup of 1934]] and supported New England in its fight against British conscription policies. |
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====2nd Anglo-Dutch War (1664)==== |
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IOTL, this is where England had demanded New Netherland’s surrender out of the blue, to which the New Netherland government (WIC) obliged because they were too weak to resist. |
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During the [[Great War]], the nation was invited by dictatorial [[France]] to join the [[Factions of the Great War|Tripartite Coalition]] but had refused, unwilling to enter a war with [[Tussenland]]. Raedpensionaris Knip also actively supported the [[History of New England|independence of New England]] during the late 1930s. The Free Destiny continued to rule with the election of Abraham Boot in 1939. The Party was defined by their crackdown on organized criminal gangs known as ''simmorias''. In 1943, opposition parties formed the United Patriotic Front in response to Free Destiny's failures. Frank Zuylen came into power in 1943, promising to restrict immigration and adhere to an illiberal economic agenda. As a result of Zuylen's policies, the September 1946 Workers' Strike triggered the rapid fall of the Front. |
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However, in this TL, the popular government of New Netherland, led by Van der Donck, refused to surrender. England then attacked the fort at New Amsterdam, and attacked the settlements near the border of New England. However, the local Kommandos were able to quickly respond and repel these attacks. |
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The Güman bloc rose to power in 1947 and replaced the United Patriotic Front government. Edgar Güman's term was characterized by strong labor laws. This period also saw the establishment of regional alliances, notably the [[Association of North American Nations]], emphasizing security and cooperation within the continent. Marieke Güman, succeeding her husband in 1955, reinforced social security systems and labor laws, winning public favor despite political opposition and corporate intrigue. However, the 1960s brought political realignments within the Güman bloc, leading to its eventual disintegration and the rise of the Zeyven Party, advocating for a stronger middle class and regional economic integration. |
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The Dutch West India Company’s army quickly marched towards Nieuwhaven and other settlements along the Fresh River (Connecticut River), as these settlements were on Dutch claimed land. Despite initial English naval success, the war ended in a Dutch victory. The resulting Treaty of Breda (1667) affirmed Dutch ownership of the land west of the Versche River and the land south of New Netherland up to the Zuyd River. |
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====Prince Maurice’s War (1750-1755)==== |
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After resurrecting an old Brandenburg testamentary claim to Silesia and forming an alliance with France and other smaller German states, Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia in 1750. France, Bavaria, and Saxony, and Sweden had supported the Franco-Prussian Entente. |
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The subsequent Zeyven Party rule (1963-1971) under S.S. de Haese pivoted towards a consumer-centric economy and educational reforms, contributing to middle-class expansion and regional trade enhancements. However, the leadership of de Haese's successor, Cornelis Holowatie (1971-1974), faced contention due to his administration's perceived inadequate response to the 1973 global oil crisis, and culminated in the Zeyven Party's political decline. |
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Britain had supported its ally, Austria. Spain, having a Habsburg monarch, and territories in the low countries, soon became quickly involved in the war. The Dutch Republic was also attacked by the French due to their interests in the region. |
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== Government and Politics == |
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Prince Maurice's War was the North American theatre of the Great Silesian War. Prince Maurice's War was one of the largest colonial wars in North America, where the colonies of Britain, Spain, and the Dutch Republic were pitted against those of France and their native allies. |
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{{Infobox government|government_name=Government of New Netherland|nativename=Leyding van Nieuw Nederlandt|date=1795 </br> 1903|document_type=Constitution|document=Constitution of 1903|country=[[New Netherland]]|legislature=States-General|leader_type=Leader|leader_title=Raedpensionaris|main_body=Cabinet|court_name=Supreme court|headquarters=[[New Amsterdam]]|seat=[[New Amsterdam]]|members_in_assembly=190|government_form=Constitutional republic|image=New Netherland Coat of Arms.png|image_size=200px|court=High Council of New Netherland}} |
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{{Main|Law of New Netherland}} |
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In the early years of the war, New France saw significant gains on the Tussenland front, occupying key areas. However, Dutch forces soon overpowered the invading French forces and marched northeast towards the Great Lakes region in 1751, capturing several key forts in the area. |
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New Netherland is a semi-decentralized unitary parliamentary republic comprising of eight provinces, a capital district, and an overseas territory. The head of government and the head of state are manifested in one person, the Raedspensionaris, who is accountable to the States-General. The state is subject to four supreme laws established in the early 20th century. the [[Republican Constitution (1903)|Constitution of 1903]], the ''[[Codex novus belgicus civilis]]'', the ''Köpmanswetbück'', and the Penal Laws of 1915. |
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Meanwhile, the armies of New France had marched south from Montreal to invade the Iroquoian homeland, which was a protectorate under the Dutch colony of Tussenland. However, the local guerilla militia known as the NNL-Kommando had successfully repelled the invasion. An attempt by the NNL-Kommando to take Montreal had ended terribly, but soon, in late 1752, the city was occupied by combined Dutch and British forces. Quebec and other forts along the St. Lawrence River were occupied in 1753. |
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==== Executive ==== |
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The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Vienna on 16 February 1755. The treaty granted the Dutch possession of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin region, while the British were granted possession of Guadeloupe (including the islands of Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Les Saintes, Marie-Galante, and La Désirade). |
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The Raedpensionaris has been the chief executive of the country since 1903, residing in the Unity Palace on Staten Island. Typically the leader of the largest party in the States-General, they are directly accountable to the legislature and may have their entire administration dismissed by the legislature. The term limit is two terms of four years each, for a total of eight years. |
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The Cabinet, headed by the executive, is the primary executive organ consisting of top-level government departments and ministries. Alongside the Cabinet, the Council of State (Amerikaens: ''Raed van State'') serves as an advisory body to the Raedpensionaris. Independent of both bodies, the Fiscael serves as the main attorney and legal advisor of the executive branch of government — a position comparable to the Attorney-General in the Anglo-Saxon tradition. |
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In Europe, Prussia's territory was divided between the allies. East Frisia becomes part of the United Provinces, and East Prussia has been granted to Russia, who then had exchanged it for the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia shortly after, which had been under the Polish Dominion. |
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====Statute on the Rights of Patroons (1786) & The Military Assimilation Act (1792)==== |
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The 1700s in New Netherland were defined by border conflicts between the patroons, and tension between the patroon militias and the NNL-Kommando trying to contain these conflicts. |
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==== Legislative ==== |
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[[Sibren van Heemskerck]], a staunch anti-aristocrat, was elected by the colonial assembly as director of New Netherland in 1785. The Council of Nine, now mostly occupied by settlers and workers, had hoped that Director van Heemskerck would crack down on the abuses by the patroons in their domain, which was largely ignored by the preceding director. |
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The States-General of New Netherland (''States-Generael'') is a bicameral legislature consisting of two distinct bodies. The First Chamber (''Îrst Kamer'') consists of 40 members. Each province elects five members to this Chamber The Second Chamber (''Twîd Kamer''), also known as the House of Burghers, is a 150-seat body. They are elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency. The leader of the largest party is appointed as Chairman of the Second Chamber by the Raedpensionaris. |
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==== Judiciary ==== |
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In 1786, van Heemskerck issued the Statute on the Rights of Patroons in 1786, which stripped the patroons of absolute power to rule over their lands. Under the statute, the director of the colony would have greater authority, and all land-owning patroons would now be subject to the director and the colonial council of Nine. The statute was part of van Heemskerck’s attempts to centralize and solidify the colony’s administration and authority.” |
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The judicial system of New Netherland is divided into three tiers, originally based on the early courts of colonial New Netherland in the early 17th century under the Dutch West India Company. |
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==== <big>Administrative divisions</big> ==== |
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In 1792, the succeeding leader of NNL, [[Eleazar Henrÿcksz]], enacted the Military Assimilation Act, which did mostly two things: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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#Heavy taxation for the patroons. |
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! |
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#Use this new tax to buy off the militia from the patroons and increase the budget for the NNL-Kommando. So they become less powerful. |
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!Urban |
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!Rural |
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|- |
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!First-level |
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| colspan="2" |Provinces (''Provincies'') |
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|- |
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!Second-level |
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| colspan="2" |Municipalities (''Hîrlÿkheyds'') |
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|- |
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!Third-level |
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|Boroughs (''Stadtsdêls'') |
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|Communes (''Dorps'') |
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|} |
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===== <big>Provinces</big> ===== |
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=== New Netherland Independence War === |
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New Netherland consists of eight provinces. Every province has automatically relinquished legislative and judicial supremacy to the central government but maintains autonomy in the executive realm. The provincial stadtholder is considered the primary executive of the province and communicates directly with national authorities. Appointed by the Second Chamber of the States-General, they chair a fifteen-member executive council which is elected every three years through popular vote. Each province is also designated certain responsibilities by the Constitution of 1903, including urban planning, taxation, health policy, public services, specific cultural and linguistic policies, as well as the financial management of municipalities. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Name |
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! colspan="2" |Cities |
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! rowspan="2" |Creation |
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! rowspan="2" |Map |
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|- |
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!Capital |
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!Largest |
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|- |
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!Hakaene |
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|HKE |
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|S'Hertogensveldt |
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|Nieuwesluys |
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| |
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| rowspan="10" |[[File:New_Netherland_Province_Map.png|frameless]] |
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|- |
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!Ieries |
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|IEE |
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|Ieires |
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|Hedel |
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| |
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|- |
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!Irokesenland |
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|IKL |
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| colspan="2" |Blümendael |
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| |
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|- |
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!Lange Eylandt |
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|LEL |
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|Sickete-Wachly |
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|Hîmested |
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| |
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|- |
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!North Oudeland |
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|NOL |
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|Wiltwÿck |
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|Wiltwÿck |
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| |
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|- |
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!South Oudeland |
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|SOL |
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|Nassou |
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|New Pavonia |
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| |
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|- |
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!New Anglia |
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|NAG |
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|Güdehöp (Hartford) |
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|New Haven |
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|1668 |
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|- |
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!Swaenendael |
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|SND |
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|Swaenendael |
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|New Amstel |
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| |
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|- |
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!Aruba, Curaçao & Bonaire |
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|ACB |
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| colspan="2" |Willemstadt |
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| |
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|- |
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![[New Amsterdam]] |
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|NAF |
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| colspan="2" |New Amsterdam |
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|1624 |
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|} |
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==== Foreign relations ==== |
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====The French Revolution, and Political Turmoil in New Netherland==== |
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New Netherland maintains diplomatic relations with a significant number of countries. It is a founding member of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. The country is also one of the most influential countries in the [[Batavosphere]], often competing with the [[Netherlands]] in achieving cultural dominance. |
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As part of the revolutionary campaign in the Low Countries, the French Republic invaded the Dutch Republic, and replaced it with a client state, the Batavian Republic. The Dutch stadtholder William V, Prince of Orange, who had fled to England, initially refused to recognize the Batavian Republic, and ordered all Dutch colonial governors to surrender to and temporarily accept British authority instead for safekeeping (as he had written in his Kew Letters). |
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==Military== |
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As the news got to the New Netherland, many were demoralized and discouraged by the orders. This had demoralized both the private patroon militias and the NNL-Kommandos as well. Two loosely-knit factions emerged from this conflict: |
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{{Infobox national military|name=Armed Forces of New Netherland|native_name=Nieuw-Nederlandse Krÿgsmaegt|country=[[New Netherland]]|founded=1794|headquarters=Egmont, North Oudeland|Size=Active: 270,000 |
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*Loyalists: supporters of the Dutch republic and Dutch colonial interests, who denounced the surrender orders as treacherous |
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Reserve: 1,3 million}} |
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*Orangists: Supporters of William V, who warmly viewed the orders as legitimate. |
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Even the loyalist opinion was divided. Some viewed William V order as treacherous, while some refused to surrender and maintain the colony as it is until William V is restored to power (believing a conspiracy that William V had been forced/coerced by the British to surrender the colonies). |
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The New Netherlands armed forces (Nieuw-Nederlandse Krÿgsmaegte ) are the military and paramilitary forces of NNL, under the Raad der defensie as supreme commander. They consist of the NNL Army (Landmag), NNL Navy (De Staatse Vloot, the NNL Air and Space Force (Lugmag), the national commando service (Kommando Dienst) which is the reserve, and the Military Police called the National Guard ( Nationale Garde), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of NNL. Together they are among the largest armed forces in the world and one of if not the strongest of America’s. In total including all branches and reserves, the krÿgsmaegte has a total of 1.3 million under its umbrella, 390.000 of them are on active duty (excluding the National Guard). The Krijgmagte is one of the largest civilian employers within NNL either directly or indirectly as it oversees a fast military-industrial complex employing some 2700000 people in one way or another. |
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Director-General Eleazar Henrÿcksz, a staunch Orangist, warmly received the orders and sent them to the Colonial Assembly for approval. The Assembly, which was composed of mostly Orangists, set aside their disdain for the Director for now, and approved the order quickly, in fear of a military conflict between Great Britain and New Netherland. |
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While the National Guard is an integral part of the NNL armed forces (Guardsmen are career soldiers), and therefore under the purview of the Ministry of the Armed Forces, it is operationally attached to the Ministry of the Interior as far as its civil police duties are concerned. |
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This move by the Director and the council left the patroons and loyalist common-folk disillusioned. The NNL-Kommando denounced the decision of Eleazar Henrÿcksz and the Colonial Assembly. |
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====The Particularists==== |
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A new faction had emerged: the Particularists, composed of patroons, NNL-Kommandos, and common-folk who did not want to surrender to Great Britain, and a bunch of previously non-radical folk who were now disdainful of the government. Although this was a loosely knit faction, many patroons and commonfolk have identified themselves to be particularists. |
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When acting as a general-purpose police force, the Nationale Garde encompasses the counter-terrorist units of the Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National guard (Parachute interventie groep), the National Guard Intervention Group (Interventie Groep), the Search Sections of the National Guard (Nationale Recherce), responsible for criminal inquiries, and the Mobile Brigades of the National Guarde (Mobiele eenheden) which have the task to maintain public order and intervene if local police forces cannot maintain order. A special unit of the national guard is attached to protecting valuable and high-ranking politicians and protecting the national assembly and other important buildings that house the Republic her institutions. |
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But despite the protests, Director Eleazar Henryckszoon announced the colony’s surrender. He put New Netherland at the British disposal on November 1795 on paper. However, the particularists were outraged at the hasty decision-making and the lack of public involvement in the decision. |
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====The Particularist Revolt (1795)==== |
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The Dutch Colonial Force had suffered massive defection and desertion by their troops, due to the demoralizing surrender to the British. Some particularists, however, saw this as an opportunity to remove the Orangists from power. |
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The krÿgsmaegte posses a wide variety of intelligence services the most notable of them being the CID or '''Centraale Inlichtingen Directoraat''' (Central intelligence directorate) which is responsible for foreign military intelligence and reports directly to the chief of the general staff. The other intelligence agency often simply called the '''''Blauwe wacht''''' or “'''Dienst van binnenlandse veiligheid'''” is responsible for intelligence in the interior and falls under the national guard. A notable aspect of the intelligence apparatus and the military as a whole is that it all reports to the chief of the general staff, who in turn reports to the Raad der Defensie, rather then it reporting to the elected head of government. |
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In 1796, Claes van der Beeke, a wealthy patroon who controlled a large militia, planned a coup d’etat in Spring 1796, using a combined force of his militia and NNL-Kommando defectors. This army was called the Vrÿheydsleger (lit. Freedom Army, although this did not imply independence, rather freedom from British occupation). Claes’ son, Marÿn van der Beeke, led this army and marched to New Amsterdam to seize control of the city. |
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Nieuw Nederlandt is often considered one of the few nations in America that developed its nuclear capability independently of other nations. It maintains a sizeable nuclear arsenal while it never openly admits that it has it it’s considered an open secret. Its nuclear forces in turn fall under the Air force and the Navy depending on the delivery platform. NNL maintains one of the largest arsenals of biological agents and chemical weapons, with some saying it is the largest in America and of the northern hemisphere. This has however never been confirmed by any credible sources. |
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On April 2, 1796, the Prinsenvlag was once again flown at the Unity Palace (seat of colonial government), after the Vrÿheydsleger defeated the army stationed at Fort New Amsterdam. |
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Nieuw Nederlandt has a major military industrial complex, with one of the largest aerospace industries in the world. Its industries have produced such equipment as the '''Specht fighter''' series, Roodkop multirole fighter, the Donck class aircraft carrier, the Exocet missile, and the Roosevelt tank among others. |
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On 4 April 1796, Claes van Beeke declared a provisional military government. This provisional government did not aim to gain independence or secede from the Dutch Republic, but rather to briefly fill in the power void that occurred. |
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NNL has noted that it has one of the more robust and domestically capable military-industrial complexes in the world. Developing everything from tanks to jets to missiles and space-based capabilities. It has been a world leader for example in jet technology ever since the 1960s being the first nation to put a so-called “stealth” aircraft into service. NNL is a major arms seller, with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices. |
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Director Eleazar Henrycksz and some members of the Council of Nine were arrested by Claes van der Beeke’s army a week later for treason. The townspeople of Kievitshoeck, a small village near the northern border, recognized them dressed in farmers’ grabs trying to escape to New England, and alerted the local NNL-Kommando field-captain in the area. Captured members of the colonial assembly were forced to swear their allegiance to the Dutch Republic and the provisionary colonial government. They were detained in Fort Van der Donck (named after the Father of New Netherland) in New Amsterdam. |
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====The Autumn War (1796)==== |
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A month after the coup, New England diplomat Alexander Upperton delivered an ultimatum from the British to the provisionary colonial government of New Netherland. Claes van der Beeke was to surrender to the British within the next month or New Netherland would face grave consequences from Great Britain. During this period, Voskes would not follow through, and ordered the hasty construction of defenses near the New England border. |
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NNL has consistently developed its cybersecurity capabilities, which are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation of the world. |
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Realizing that his authority might be in danger, Van der Beeke sent an envoy to France to ask for recognition and support. The envoy, Gÿsje van Langedÿk, was received well in France, citing a mutual distrust towards the English and support for the French Republic. Van Langedÿk successfully negotiated a loan for the provisional government, which had a positive impact in the early years of the government. |
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==Culture== |
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{{Main|Culture in New Netherland|l1 = Culture of New Netherland}} |
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Culture in New Netherland is primarily of Western, and more specifically, Dutch origin, but its influences include European, Afro-Amerikaner, Native-Amerikaner and Asian cultural aspects to varying degrees. It also has its own distinct social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. New Netherland is often seen as the benchmark of Amerikaener culture due to its dominant position within the Amerikaener political, cultural and social sphere and its leading role within ANAN. It is one of the few nations where cultural traits are seen as more important than ethnic traits in regards to citizenship. It’s well known for its militarism, love of parties, love of drinking, and refusal to give up under any circumstances. |
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Great Britain declared war against New Netherland in 1796 for refusing the ultimatum. But was outnumbered by the New Netherland and French forces combined. Man of the hour was Marÿn van Beeke, who led the New Netherland forces to victory in battles. He was the son of a wealthy patroon and had military experience in the NNL-Kommando and briefly the Dutch West India army. |
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== List of leaders == |
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The war continued on until 1798 (two years). The war resulted in a stalemate. Former director Eleazar Henryckszoon was exiled to Great Britain. Great Britain was forced to withdraw from the Autumn war due to the outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition back in Europe. |
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{{Main|List of leaders of New Netherland}} |
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With Great Britain out of mind, and the Dutch republic subjugated by the French, the new provisional government was basically independent. They had to settle on a final government structure. |
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== See also == |
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Jacobus Cornelisz, one of the intellectuals of New Amsterdam, had drafted a constitution and proposed to Claes van Beeke. In this constitution, known as the Patroon’s Constitution, New Netherland would be ruled by a monarch, particularly a stadtholder, who bore the title of Prince, elected by an assembly of patroons called the . |
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* [[History of New Netherland]] |
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In this government, the Stadtholder would control the military. |
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* [[Tussenland]] |
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* [[Netherlands]] |
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{{Nations of the World }} |
{{Nations of the World }} |
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Latest revision as of 08:53, 3 July 2024
Republic of New Netherland Republÿck Nieuw Nederlandt | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
Anthem: Bewape de Amerikaeners | |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | New Amsterdam |
| Official languages | Amerikaens |
| Recognised regional languages | English (in New Anglia) |
| Religion | Reformed Church Orthodox Church Catholic Church Lutheranism Anabaptism Others |
| Demonym | New Netherlander |
| Government | Republic |
| Legislature | States-General |
• Upper house | First Chamber |
• Lower house | Second Chamber |
| Establishment | 1795 |
| Currency | New Netherland daelder |
New Netherland (Amerikaens: Nieuw Nederlandt), officially the Republic of New Netherland, is a republican nation located in northeast America. It is bordered by New England to the northeast, New France to the northwest, Tussenland to the west, and Virginia to the south. The country originated as a Dutch colony in the early 17th century, eventually achieving independence during the Augustine Wars and finally becoming a democratic state in the Revolution of 1903.
Etymology
The first use of the name 'New Netherland' to describe the country is generally attributed to Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May, who had used it on survey maps during the expeditions of 1611-1614. In Latin, the nation's name is usually rendered as Nova Belgica or less commonly, Nova Hollandia. In the French language, Nouvelle Hollande has become the predominant term.
History
Colonial era
Members of the United New Netherland Company established settlements around modern New Amsterdam in the early 17th century in order to participate in the North American fur trade until the company's dissolution in 1618. Three years later, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) was established and was soon followed by the appointment of Cornelius Jacobsen May as the first Director of New Netherland in 1624. In 1629, the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was established the longstanding feudal patroonship system in an effort to organize the colonization of the area.
As the population of the colony grew, people became dissatisfied with the rule of the WIC. Director Willem Kieft began a war with the Lenape in 1643 against the wishes of the Council of Eight Men, a board of citizens and early form of representational democracy in New Netherland. As a consequence of the disarray in the colony, new director Peter Stuyvesant allowed the formation of the Council of Nine Men was established in 1647, led by lawyer and recent arrival Adriaen van der Donck. The Nine Men signed and submitted the Remonstrance of New Netherland and the occurrences there in 1649, advocating for the reform of the colony's management. Stuyvesant was intent on suppressing any call for change, leading to van der Donck arriving in the Netherlands in 1652 to personally champion his ideas. Four years later in 1656, the Municipal Charter was granted to New Netherland. Adriaen van der Donck replaced Stuyvesant as Director to the satisfaction of many colonists.
The province of New Netherland experienced exponential growth after the 1656 Charter. Land law reform, the arrival of more immigrants, the democratization of the government, and large changes to the justice system all occurred in quick succession over the following years. In talks with the Hödenoshieoné, the 1658 Treaty of Perpetual Alliance was signed. The following year, the innovative paramilitary Komando system was established under the auspices of Paulus van der Grist in order to defend the colony against foreign encroachment.
The Second Anglo-Dutch War broke out in 1665 against the Kingdom of England and their colonies in North America. After two years of battle, New Netherland emerged victorious, successfully annexing the English colonies of Maryland and Connecticut. The Treaty of Breda was signed by Director Jacob van Couwenhoven in 1667, ensuring the country's survival for centuries to come.
As the Silesian War erupted in Europe in the mid 18th century, Prince Maurice's War erupted in the Americas. Hans Theodor Adams, considered one of the greatest leaders of the country during the colonial period, was appointed Director in 1750. The conclusion of the war in 1755 guaranteed New Netherland's influence over the Hödenoshieoné Confederacy in the west, decisively preventing any French interference with the government's expansionist plans. The New Netherlander Komando paramilitaries gained valuable experience during this war and were remembered for the failed Siege of Mont Royal in the winter of 1752. Along with leading the country during the war, Director Adams compiled the Köpmanswetbück in 1762, the first legal code in New Netherland's history and the mother of Amerikaener commercial law.
Throughout the remainder of the 18th century, New Netherland was plagued with disputes between various patroons and the continuation of their exploitative practices. In 1786, radical Director Sibren van Heemskerck approved the Statute on the Rights of Patroons, stripping the patroons of much of their absolute autonomy and centralizing the state under the authority of the Director. In 1792, the Military Assimilation Ordinance was issued by Heemskerck's successor Eleazar Henrÿcksz. The Ordinance bought out the vast majority of private militias in the country and established a regular standing army at the behest of the Director while simultaneously increasing tax rates on patroonships.
Independence
The Augustine Wars triggered political tensions in New Netherland. In 1795, the Prince of Orange had ordered the various rulers of the Dutch Republic to accept British rule in order to avoid French annexation in a compilation of letters, later known as the Kew Letters. This event divided political loyalties in New Netherland; the Loyalists were repulsed by the Prince's order and remained faithful to the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, contrary to the Orangists, who had accepted the order and were willing to accept British occupation. Director Henrÿcksz was a staunch Orangist and had taken steps to invite British forces into the country, triggering the violent revolt of the Loyalist Particularists. In April 1796, military leader Claes van Beeke and members of the Council of Nine were arrested by the New Netherland government.
Relying on the support of the new French republic, the Loyalist forces led by Marÿn van der Beeke (who was declared leader of the country on 17 September 1796) repelled a British invasion from New England the same year. This conflict, known as the Autumn War, continued until 1798, when New Netherland's borders were finally secured. As stadtholder, van der Beeke enacted a new constitution in 1801. His successors, Isaac Kuyter and Hendrick I van Ackerhuys, consolidated the power of the new government by abolishing slavery to protect peasantry in 1813, annexing the Hödenoshieoné in 1816, and issuing the Decree on Succession in 1835, making the stadtholdership a hereditary office.
Over the new few decades, the country entered and lost the Canton War, engaged in the Battle of Connecticut with New England in 1853, purchased the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire from the Netherlands in 1861, and established a second constitutional government in 1870 after the death of Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys and a failed coup d'état. Seven stadtholders served under the second Constitution, ending with the Meerenlander politician Jan Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau. The Dutch-Mexican War of the early 20th century eventually triggered the Revolution of 1903, resulting in the deposition of Gelüs-Clérisseau and the ratification of a democratic constitution in 1903 under the first raedpensionaris of New Netherland, Mees van Haerst of the immensely popular Unity Party.
Republican era
From 1905, New Netherland asserted its independence against the Netherlands in the Quasi-War, leading to the victory of the Progressive Party in the elections of 1911. After the outset of the European Economic Crisis, the government of Maurits Thomas Hudson took action to support Spain against Floridian revolutionaries during the Everglades War of the 1920s. The country's involvement in the war, perceived as wasteful and unnecessary, led to the election of the Free Destiny Party in 1927, which advocated for the expansion of government and the reformation of the education system. In 1931, party member Jan Kaspar Knip was elected as raedpensionaris. Knip pioneered the Anti-Atlanticist ideology, advocating for the complete independence of American nations. New Netherland supported insurrections in the Virginian Coup of 1934 and supported New England in its fight against British conscription policies.
During the Great War, the nation was invited by dictatorial France to join the Tripartite Coalition but had refused, unwilling to enter a war with Tussenland. Raedpensionaris Knip also actively supported the independence of New England during the late 1930s. The Free Destiny continued to rule with the election of Abraham Boot in 1939. The Party was defined by their crackdown on organized criminal gangs known as simmorias. In 1943, opposition parties formed the United Patriotic Front in response to Free Destiny's failures. Frank Zuylen came into power in 1943, promising to restrict immigration and adhere to an illiberal economic agenda. As a result of Zuylen's policies, the September 1946 Workers' Strike triggered the rapid fall of the Front.
The Güman bloc rose to power in 1947 and replaced the United Patriotic Front government. Edgar Güman's term was characterized by strong labor laws. This period also saw the establishment of regional alliances, notably the Association of North American Nations, emphasizing security and cooperation within the continent. Marieke Güman, succeeding her husband in 1955, reinforced social security systems and labor laws, winning public favor despite political opposition and corporate intrigue. However, the 1960s brought political realignments within the Güman bloc, leading to its eventual disintegration and the rise of the Zeyven Party, advocating for a stronger middle class and regional economic integration.
The subsequent Zeyven Party rule (1963-1971) under S.S. de Haese pivoted towards a consumer-centric economy and educational reforms, contributing to middle-class expansion and regional trade enhancements. However, the leadership of de Haese's successor, Cornelis Holowatie (1971-1974), faced contention due to his administration's perceived inadequate response to the 1973 global oil crisis, and culminated in the Zeyven Party's political decline.
Government and Politics
| Constitutional republic | |
| |
| Formation | 1795 1903 |
|---|---|
| Constitution | Constitution of 1903 |
| Country | New Netherland |
| Legislative branch | |
| Legislature | States-General |
| Assembly members | 190 |
| Executive branch | |
| Leader | Raedpensionaris |
| Main body | Cabinet |
| Headquarters | New Amsterdam |
| Judicial branch | |
| Supreme court | High Council of New Netherland |
| Seat | New Amsterdam |
New Netherland is a semi-decentralized unitary parliamentary republic comprising of eight provinces, a capital district, and an overseas territory. The head of government and the head of state are manifested in one person, the Raedspensionaris, who is accountable to the States-General. The state is subject to four supreme laws established in the early 20th century. the Constitution of 1903, the Codex novus belgicus civilis, the Köpmanswetbück, and the Penal Laws of 1915.
Executive
The Raedpensionaris has been the chief executive of the country since 1903, residing in the Unity Palace on Staten Island. Typically the leader of the largest party in the States-General, they are directly accountable to the legislature and may have their entire administration dismissed by the legislature. The term limit is two terms of four years each, for a total of eight years.
The Cabinet, headed by the executive, is the primary executive organ consisting of top-level government departments and ministries. Alongside the Cabinet, the Council of State (Amerikaens: Raed van State) serves as an advisory body to the Raedpensionaris. Independent of both bodies, the Fiscael serves as the main attorney and legal advisor of the executive branch of government — a position comparable to the Attorney-General in the Anglo-Saxon tradition.
Legislative
The States-General of New Netherland (States-Generael) is a bicameral legislature consisting of two distinct bodies. The First Chamber (Îrst Kamer) consists of 40 members. Each province elects five members to this Chamber The Second Chamber (Twîd Kamer), also known as the House of Burghers, is a 150-seat body. They are elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency. The leader of the largest party is appointed as Chairman of the Second Chamber by the Raedpensionaris.
Judiciary
The judicial system of New Netherland is divided into three tiers, originally based on the early courts of colonial New Netherland in the early 17th century under the Dutch West India Company.
Administrative divisions
| Urban | Rural | |
|---|---|---|
| First-level | Provinces (Provincies) | |
| Second-level | Municipalities (Hîrlÿkheyds) | |
| Third-level | Boroughs (Stadtsdêls) | Communes (Dorps) |
Provinces
New Netherland consists of eight provinces. Every province has automatically relinquished legislative and judicial supremacy to the central government but maintains autonomy in the executive realm. The provincial stadtholder is considered the primary executive of the province and communicates directly with national authorities. Appointed by the Second Chamber of the States-General, they chair a fifteen-member executive council which is elected every three years through popular vote. Each province is also designated certain responsibilities by the Constitution of 1903, including urban planning, taxation, health policy, public services, specific cultural and linguistic policies, as well as the financial management of municipalities.
| Name | Cities | Creation | Map | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital | Largest | ||||
| Hakaene | HKE | S'Hertogensveldt | Nieuwesluys | 
| |
| Ieries | IEE | Ieires | Hedel | ||
| Irokesenland | IKL | Blümendael | |||
| Lange Eylandt | LEL | Sickete-Wachly | Hîmested | ||
| North Oudeland | NOL | Wiltwÿck | Wiltwÿck | ||
| South Oudeland | SOL | Nassou | New Pavonia | ||
| New Anglia | NAG | Güdehöp (Hartford) | New Haven | 1668 | |
| Swaenendael | SND | Swaenendael | New Amstel | ||
| Aruba, Curaçao & Bonaire | ACB | Willemstadt | |||
| New Amsterdam | NAF | New Amsterdam | 1624 | ||
Foreign relations
New Netherland maintains diplomatic relations with a significant number of countries. It is a founding member of the Association of North American Nations. The country is also one of the most influential countries in the Batavosphere, often competing with the Netherlands in achieving cultural dominance.
Military
| Armed Forces of New Netherland | |
|---|---|
| Nieuw-Nederlandse Krÿgsmaegt | |
| Founded | 1794 |
| Headquarters | Egmont, North Oudeland |
The New Netherlands armed forces (Nieuw-Nederlandse Krÿgsmaegte ) are the military and paramilitary forces of NNL, under the Raad der defensie as supreme commander. They consist of the NNL Army (Landmag), NNL Navy (De Staatse Vloot, the NNL Air and Space Force (Lugmag), the national commando service (Kommando Dienst) which is the reserve, and the Military Police called the National Guard ( Nationale Garde), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of NNL. Together they are among the largest armed forces in the world and one of if not the strongest of America’s. In total including all branches and reserves, the krÿgsmaegte has a total of 1.3 million under its umbrella, 390.000 of them are on active duty (excluding the National Guard). The Krijgmagte is one of the largest civilian employers within NNL either directly or indirectly as it oversees a fast military-industrial complex employing some 2700000 people in one way or another.
While the National Guard is an integral part of the NNL armed forces (Guardsmen are career soldiers), and therefore under the purview of the Ministry of the Armed Forces, it is operationally attached to the Ministry of the Interior as far as its civil police duties are concerned.
When acting as a general-purpose police force, the Nationale Garde encompasses the counter-terrorist units of the Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National guard (Parachute interventie groep), the National Guard Intervention Group (Interventie Groep), the Search Sections of the National Guard (Nationale Recherce), responsible for criminal inquiries, and the Mobile Brigades of the National Guarde (Mobiele eenheden) which have the task to maintain public order and intervene if local police forces cannot maintain order. A special unit of the national guard is attached to protecting valuable and high-ranking politicians and protecting the national assembly and other important buildings that house the Republic her institutions.
The krÿgsmaegte posses a wide variety of intelligence services the most notable of them being the CID or Centraale Inlichtingen Directoraat (Central intelligence directorate) which is responsible for foreign military intelligence and reports directly to the chief of the general staff. The other intelligence agency often simply called the Blauwe wacht or “Dienst van binnenlandse veiligheid” is responsible for intelligence in the interior and falls under the national guard. A notable aspect of the intelligence apparatus and the military as a whole is that it all reports to the chief of the general staff, who in turn reports to the Raad der Defensie, rather then it reporting to the elected head of government.
Nieuw Nederlandt is often considered one of the few nations in America that developed its nuclear capability independently of other nations. It maintains a sizeable nuclear arsenal while it never openly admits that it has it it’s considered an open secret. Its nuclear forces in turn fall under the Air force and the Navy depending on the delivery platform. NNL maintains one of the largest arsenals of biological agents and chemical weapons, with some saying it is the largest in America and of the northern hemisphere. This has however never been confirmed by any credible sources.
Nieuw Nederlandt has a major military industrial complex, with one of the largest aerospace industries in the world. Its industries have produced such equipment as the Specht fighter series, Roodkop multirole fighter, the Donck class aircraft carrier, the Exocet missile, and the Roosevelt tank among others.
NNL has noted that it has one of the more robust and domestically capable military-industrial complexes in the world. Developing everything from tanks to jets to missiles and space-based capabilities. It has been a world leader for example in jet technology ever since the 1960s being the first nation to put a so-called “stealth” aircraft into service. NNL is a major arms seller, with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices.
NNL has consistently developed its cybersecurity capabilities, which are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation of the world.
Culture
Culture in New Netherland is primarily of Western, and more specifically, Dutch origin, but its influences include European, Afro-Amerikaner, Native-Amerikaner and Asian cultural aspects to varying degrees. It also has its own distinct social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. New Netherland is often seen as the benchmark of Amerikaener culture due to its dominant position within the Amerikaener political, cultural and social sphere and its leading role within ANAN. It is one of the few nations where cultural traits are seen as more important than ethnic traits in regards to citizenship. It’s well known for its militarism, love of parties, love of drinking, and refusal to give up under any circumstances.
