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{{Infobox country|common_name=China|conventional_long_name=Chinese Republic|native_name=華民國|image_flag= |
{{Infobox country|common_name=China|conventional_long_name=Chinese Republic|native_name=華民國|image_flag=Flag of the Chinese Republic.png|capital=Namging|largest_city=Canton|official_languages=[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]|common_languages={{hlist|Cantonese|Hakka|Hokkien|Various others}}|languages_type=Foreign languages|languages=[[English language|English]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]]|image_map=File:China Locator Map 1965.png|map_width=275px|established_event1=Establishment of the Ćin dynasty|established_date1=221 BC|established_event2=[[Canton War]]|established_date2=1857|established_event3=Establishment of the Chinese Republic|established_date3=1931|established_event4=Reunification of China|established_date4=1936|established=10 June 1931}} |
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'''China''', officially the '''Chinese Republic''' ([[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]: 華民國, ''Hwá |
'''China''', officially the '''Chinese Republic''' ([[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]: 華民國, ''Hwá-mín-gwó'') is a country located in eastern Asia, bordering [[Tibet]], [[Serindia]], and [[Erawa]] to the west; [[Thaitania]] and [[Viet Nam]] to the south; and [[Poeja]] and [[Mongolia]] to the north. To the east, the country shares maritime boundaries with [[Corea]] and [[Tauland]]. Since the [[History of China after 1850|unification of China in 1936]], the [[National republicanism|national republic]] has consistently been ranked as the most populous nation in the world. It has been a member of the [[International Republican Coalition]] since its establishment in 1941. |
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== Terminology == |
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Since the mid-19th century, the character ''Hwá'' (華) has superseded all others in reference to the concept of the Chinese people, state, or nation. Literally meaning 'beauty', it came to signify the civilized Chinese nation in contrast to the barbarian Ji surrounding it from at least the 3rd century BC. This is manifest in the country's long-form name ''Hwá-mín-gwó'' (華民國) and its most commonly used short form names ''Hwásià'' (華夏) and ''Zōnghwá'' (中華); the latter, ''Zōnghwá'', is mainly used when it is necessary to differentiate the Chinese state itself from the concept of the Chinese nation as a whole. |
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{{Main|History of China after 1850|History of China before 1850}} |
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On 7 May 1931, the [[Russia]]-backed National Reformation Party mobilized the armed forces and regional paramilitaries to overthrow the [[Kingdom of Canton|Ye dynasty]]. Just over a month later on 10 June, the Chinese Republic was declared with with notable assemblyman and former compradore [[Teng Acoy]] selected as the first President. This event, known as Sinwei coup, was one of many anti-monarchical revolutions that occured across the world in the 1930s–1940s. |
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With the advent of [[State Yangism|ethnocentric national republicanism]] in the region, ''Hwá'' came to be synonymous with notions of modern [[Ethnos, thede, and race|racial identity]], with many including scholar [[Jü Sići]] equalizing it with the words ''Hàn'' (漢) and ''Táng'' (唐). |
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The [[Southwestern Restructuring Program]] was initiated by Teng's Chief General Secretary [[Su Peychin]] in 1947. It featured the ghettoization and segregation of non-Hwa [[Ethnos, thede, and race|thedes]] in the southwestern provinces of the country. Over ten million people are estimated to have been displaced or killed. In 1952, the Organization of Democratic Nations recognized the Program as a criminal act. It was in March 1953 that the Censorial Senate and General Chamber cooperated to remove Su Peychin from office; he would subsequently be prosecuted and imprisoned. Shortly after, the Program would be dissolved. |
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== History == |
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China participated in the [[Serindian Crisis]] as an aggressor from 1955 to 1964. Motivated by the discovery of the Jumen oil fields and a spike in nationalist sentiment, the Chinese Armed Forces successfully occupied and annexed [[Tibet]]'s Coconur region and parts of eastern [[Serindia]] which were formally reorganized into Gamsu Province in 1969. Immediately before victory, [[Hong Sinhiong]] was elected President of the country in 1963 after the death of his revered predecessor Teng Acoy. |
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{{Main|History of China after 1850|History of China before 1850}}On 7 May 1931, the Russia-backed National Reformation Party overthrew the [[Kingdom of Canton|Ye dynasty]], leading to the declaration of the Chinese Republic with the [[36th Duke of Ceng|Duke of Ceng]] as President on 10 June. The 1947 [[Southwestern Restructuring Program]], initiated by Chief General Secretary [[Su Peychin]], led to the displacement or death of over ten million non-Hwa individuals, and was later condemned by the [[Organization of Democratic Nations]] in 1952, resulting in Su's removal and imprisonment in 1953. |
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China engaged in the Serindian Crisis from 1955–1964, annexing regions and reorganizing them into Gamsu Province by 1969. The [[1966 Handan earthquake]] spurred public works projects criticized for benefiting southern Hakka politicians and corporations, leading to the rise of the anti-corporate New Loyalist Society and the election of [[Tooi Teeksim]]. The [[Kemo nuclear disaster|Kemo disaster]] in [[Corea]] in 1974 harmed Chinese fisheries, leading to naval skirmishes with [[Tauland]] until 1992. Anti-Russian sentiment surged in 1977, reviving the National Reformation Party, and by 1980, China refused [[Russia]]'s request to boycott [[Association of North American Nations|North American]] goods, preparing for potential conflict by stationing troops along the Mongolian border. |
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In January 1966, the Handan earthquake devastated northeastern China and killed upwards of ten thousand people. A series of public works initiatives were implemented by the state, encouraging individuals and corporations to cooperate in order to combat unemployment and food scarcity. These projects were criticized for primarily benefiting corporations and politicians—specifically those of Hakka heritage—who hail from the southern provinces of China. This was coupled with the rise of wealth inequality and disproportionate corporate land ownership across the entire country, poignantly manifesting itself in the [[Puhwa Company scandal]] where Puhwa bought out ancestral graveyards and attempted to rent them back to the families which had owned the land for generations, sparking international outrage. As a result, the anti-corporate, pro-[[Russia]] national republican New Loyalist Society subsequently dethroned President Hong and had [[Tooi Teeksim]] elected in his place. |
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[[Corea]]'s [[Kemo nuclear disaster|1974 Kemo disaster]] had the indirect effect of dramatically reducing the productivity of fisheries and mariculture in the Balhê Bay and Yellow Sea, severely harming the livelihood of Chinese fishermen. The Chinese Navy under President Tooi would engage in a series of conflicts with [[Tauland]] over fishing rights; these sporadic confrontations would last until 1992. |
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Capitalizing off the social unrest and the impact of the [[Great Nuclear Scare|Nuclear Scare]], the spokesperson of the Secretariat of Commerce implied that Russia may have been testing tectonic weapons against Corea and China a year later, fueling an anti-Russian hysteria across the country which eventually led to the resurrection of the National Reformation Party in 1977. Three years later during the [[Alyeskan Independence War]], Russia requested that China boycott goods from the [[Association of North American Nations]], the latter actively supporting separatists who wished to topple the Russian administration in Alyeska. The Chinese government refused to do so; as a pre-emptive measure, troops were stationed along the [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] border in anticipation of Russian retaliation. |
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== Government and Politics == |
== Government and Politics == |
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{{Main|List of Chinese |
{{Main|List of leaders of the Chinese Republic}} |
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China is a unitary parliamentary republic consisting of eighteen provinces and seven urban prefectures. The country's constitution is known as the Articles of Unification and was officially enacted by the 8 June 1931 Law, investing authority into the newly established tricameral National Parliament. Along with [[Tussenland]], China is one of few republics which follow the ''[[Fusiemag]]'' ('fusion of powers') system due to the disproportionate power of the legislative branch. |
China is a unitary parliamentary republic consisting of eighteen provinces and seven urban prefectures. The country's constitution is known as the Articles of Unification and was officially enacted by the 8 June 1931 Law, investing authority into the newly established tricameral National Parliament. Along with [[Tussenland]], China is one of few republics which follow the ''[[Fusiemag]]'' ('fusion of powers') system due to the disproportionate power of the legislative branch. |
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The executive branch has two leaders. The President of the Republic is the head of state and is selected by a College of Electors whose members are chosen by provincial parliamentary bodies; the members of these bodies are in turn elected by eligible voters. The President appoints the Chief General Secretary, the head of government and chair of the General Secretariat, at their discretion. These two executives appoint civil servants, approve members of the judiciary, and serve as the Commander of the Armed Forces and Minister of the Armed Forces respectively. |
The executive branch has two leaders. The President of the Republic is the head of state and is selected by a College of Electors whose members are chosen by provincial parliamentary bodies; the members of these bodies are in turn elected by eligible voters. The President appoints the Chief General Secretary, the head of government and chair of the General Secretariat, at their discretion. These two executives appoint civil servants, approve members of the judiciary, and serve as the Commander of the Armed Forces and Minister of the Armed Forces respectively. |
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First established by the [[Kanggwo Emperor]] in 1684, the Southern Study is one of the only imperial institutions that survive into post-[[Great War]] China. It functions as an independent advisory body to the President, with its members selected from a number of professional and educational organizations within and outside the country. While heavily affiliated with the executive branch, it is technically not considered part of the executive. |
First established by the [[Kanggwo Emperor]] in 1684, the [[Southern Study]] is one of the only imperial institutions that survive into post-[[Great War]] China. It functions as an independent advisory body to the President, with its members selected from a number of professional and educational organizations within and outside the country. While heavily affiliated with the executive branch, it is technically not considered part of the executive. |
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| ⚫ | The legislature consists primarily of the National Parliament, is a tricameral body consisting of the General Chamber, the Senior Chamber, and the Censorial Senate. Additionally, the Liaison Office, consisting of a singular Liaison Officer appointed by the Chief General Secretary, is responsible for facilitating communication between the executive and legislative branches. |
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China's judiciary is ultimately subject to the Censorial Senate which functions as the court of last resort and the administrative court, handling complaints against and supervising the government. Including the Senate, there are four basic tiers to the Chinese court system. |
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| ⚫ | The legislature consists primarily of the National Parliament, is a tricameral body consisting of the General Chamber, the Senior Chamber, and the Censorial Senate. Additionally, the Liaison Office, consisting of a singular Liaison Officer appointed by the Chief General Secretary, is responsible for facilitating communication between the executive and legislative branches. China's judiciary is ultimately subject to the Censorial Senate which functions as the court of last resort and the administrative court, handling complaints against and supervising the government. Including the Senate, there are four basic tiers to the Chinese court system. |
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<div style=display:inline-grid> |
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{| |
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|+Legislature of China |
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! width="150" align="left" | Body |
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! width="100" align="left" | Members |
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! align="left" | Selection process |
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|- |
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| General Chamber || 250 || Elected by provincial parliaments |
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|- |
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| Senior Chamber || 36 || Selected by aldermen of urban prefectures |
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|- |
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| Censorial Senate || 12 || Selected by provincial governors |
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|- |
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| Liaison Office || 1 || Appointed by the Chief General Secretary |
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|- |
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| || '''299''' |
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|} |
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</div> |
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<div style=display:inline-grid> |
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{| style="text-align:center;" |
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|+Judiciary of China |
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|I |
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| colspan="2" align="left" style="text-align:center;" width="300" | '''Censorial Senate''' |
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|- |
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|II |
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| Courts of Review || Specialized courts |
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|- |
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|III |
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| colspan="2" | High courts |
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|- |
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|IV |
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| colspan="2" | Community courts |
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|} |
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</div> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 06:48, 10 July 2024
Chinese Republic 華民國 | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
 | |
| Capital | Namging |
| Largest city | Canton |
| Official languages | Chinese |
| Common languages |
|
| Foreign languages | English and Dutch |
| Establishment | 10 June 1931 |
• Establishment of the Ćin dynasty | 221 BC |
| 1857 | |
• Establishment of the Chinese Republic | 1931 |
• Reunification of China | 1936 |
China, officially the Chinese Republic (Chinese: 華民國, Hwá-mín-gwó) is a country located in eastern Asia, bordering Tibet, Serindia, and Erawa to the west; Thaitania and Viet Nam to the south; and Poeja and Mongolia to the north. To the east, the country shares maritime boundaries with Corea and Tauland. Since the unification of China in 1936, the national republic has consistently been ranked as the most populous nation in the world. It has been a member of the International Republican Coalition since its establishment in 1941.
Terminology
Since the mid-19th century, the character Hwá (華) has superseded all others in reference to the concept of the Chinese people, state, or nation. Literally meaning 'beauty', it came to signify the civilized Chinese nation in contrast to the barbarian Ji surrounding it from at least the 3rd century BC. This is manifest in the country's long-form name Hwá-mín-gwó (華民國) and its most commonly used short form names Hwásià (華夏) and Zōnghwá (中華); the latter, Zōnghwá, is mainly used when it is necessary to differentiate the Chinese state itself from the concept of the Chinese nation as a whole.
With the advent of ethnocentric national republicanism in the region, Hwá came to be synonymous with notions of modern racial identity, with many including scholar Jü Sići equalizing it with the words Hàn (漢) and Táng (唐).
History
On 7 May 1931, the Russia-backed National Reformation Party overthrew the Ye dynasty, leading to the declaration of the Chinese Republic with the Duke of Ceng as President on 10 June. The 1947 Southwestern Restructuring Program, initiated by Chief General Secretary Su Peychin, led to the displacement or death of over ten million non-Hwa individuals, and was later condemned by the Organization of Democratic Nations in 1952, resulting in Su's removal and imprisonment in 1953.
China engaged in the Serindian Crisis from 1955–1964, annexing regions and reorganizing them into Gamsu Province by 1969. The 1966 Handan earthquake spurred public works projects criticized for benefiting southern Hakka politicians and corporations, leading to the rise of the anti-corporate New Loyalist Society and the election of Tooi Teeksim. The Kemo disaster in Corea in 1974 harmed Chinese fisheries, leading to naval skirmishes with Tauland until 1992. Anti-Russian sentiment surged in 1977, reviving the National Reformation Party, and by 1980, China refused Russia's request to boycott North American goods, preparing for potential conflict by stationing troops along the Mongolian border.
Government and Politics
China is a unitary parliamentary republic consisting of eighteen provinces and seven urban prefectures. The country's constitution is known as the Articles of Unification and was officially enacted by the 8 June 1931 Law, investing authority into the newly established tricameral National Parliament. Along with Tussenland, China is one of few republics which follow the Fusiemag ('fusion of powers') system due to the disproportionate power of the legislative branch.
The executive branch has two leaders. The President of the Republic is the head of state and is selected by a College of Electors whose members are chosen by provincial parliamentary bodies; the members of these bodies are in turn elected by eligible voters. The President appoints the Chief General Secretary, the head of government and chair of the General Secretariat, at their discretion. These two executives appoint civil servants, approve members of the judiciary, and serve as the Commander of the Armed Forces and Minister of the Armed Forces respectively.
First established by the Kanggwo Emperor in 1684, the Southern Study is one of the only imperial institutions that survive into post-Great War China. It functions as an independent advisory body to the President, with its members selected from a number of professional and educational organizations within and outside the country. While heavily affiliated with the executive branch, it is technically not considered part of the executive.
The legislature consists primarily of the National Parliament, is a tricameral body consisting of the General Chamber, the Senior Chamber, and the Censorial Senate. Additionally, the Liaison Office, consisting of a singular Liaison Officer appointed by the Chief General Secretary, is responsible for facilitating communication between the executive and legislative branches. China's judiciary is ultimately subject to the Censorial Senate which functions as the court of last resort and the administrative court, handling complaints against and supervising the government. Including the Senate, there are four basic tiers to the Chinese court system.
See also
