Ottoman Sultanate: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country|demonym=Ottoman <br> Turkish <small>(informal)</small>|conventional_long_name=<center>Ottoman State|image_map=File:Ottoman Locator Map v1.png|image_flag=Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg|map_width=250px|capital=Konja|largest_city=Aleppo or Smyrna (disputed)|official_languages=[[Western Turkish|Ottoman Turkish]]|regional_languages={{hlist|[[Arabic]]|Armenian|Kurdish|Aramaic|Georgian|Judaeo-Spanish}}|languages_type=Foreign languages|languages=[[English language|English]] and [[Standard German|German]]|currency=Ottoman lira (ỻ)|legislature=Ottoman Parliament}} |
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The '''Ottoman State''' ([[Western Turkish|Ottoman Turkish]]: دولت عثمانيه, ''Dewlet-i ʿOsmânîje''), also going by [[Ottoman Sultanate#Names|several other names]], is a country in western Asia bordered by [[Mesopotamian League|Mesopotamia]], [[Nejd]], the [[Hejaz]], and [[Jerusalem]] to the south and [[Russia]] and [[Persia]] to the east and west. It stretches across most of the Anatolian plateau, Syria, and the northwestern Zagros Mountains. The State is a self-described multinational monarchy (مملكت چوق ملتها, ''memleket-i tšok milletha''), the seat of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], and a center of intercontinental commerce and services between Africa, Asia, and Europe. |
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The '''Ottoman Sultanate''' ([[Western Turkish]]<ref>Officially, the Western Turkish language is referred to as ''Osmanlika'' (عثمانلوجه) in the [[Ottoman Sultanate]] and ''Rumelika'' (روم ايلى جه) in [[Rumelia]].</ref>: دولت عليه عثمانيه, ''Dewlet-e Alije-e Osmanije'', /dev.let.ɯ alijje.ɯ osˈmɑːnije/), commonly known as '''Turkey''' and formerly in English as the '''Ottoman Empire''', is a country located in western Asia. It borders several nations including [[Russia]], [[Persia]], [[Rumelia]], the Mesopotamian states, Nejd, and the Hejaz. |
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== Names == |
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Founded in the 13th century, the empire became a constitutional monarchy in 1888, followed by the rise of the [[Orkhonism|Orkhonists]], who governed the country until the partition of the Ottoman state after the [[Great War]]. Since the 1930s, the Sultanate, has been largely dominated by the Iskenderohlu family's military government alongside a number of minor cliques. |
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The official long-form name of the country is the Ottoman State (دولت عثمانيه, ''Dewlet-i ʿOsmânîje''). The official short-form name in several languages is '''Osmania''' (عثمانیت, ''ʿOsmânîjjet)''. Keeping with historical tendencies, the Ottoman State is also called '''Turkey'''; however, this was widely rejected by the Government in the 19th century and then again in the [[Silent War]] era due to its inadequacy in reflecting the multinational character of the State. |
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In [[English language|English-language]] historiography, the term '''Ottoman Sultanate''' is used to refer to the incarnation of the Ottoman State after the [[Congress of Amsterdam]] in 1939; for the period prior to this date, [[Ottoman Empire]] is used. |
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{{Main|Ottoman history}} |
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From the late 1650s to around 1700, the Ottoman government was dominated by the ethnic Albanian Koepruelue family and the Sultan Mehmed IV, who ruled for almost half a century. The Great Turkish War of the late 17th century pitted the Ottomans against numerous European rivals, led to the loss of much of Hungary to the [[Austria|Austrian Empire]], the Morea to [[Venice]], and Steppe lands to [[Poland]]. |
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The Tulip period of the early 18th century, named for the imperial court's love of tulips and the rise of the [[Netherlands|Dutch empire]], saw a cultural renaissance in the country. Territories in eastern Europe, namely Slavonia, Serbia, and Banat, were lost to Austria in the 1730s. After the war, administrations under Bejasid III and Mahmud I promulgated the Edict of Reorganization, which drastically reoriented the Ottoman Empire's diplomatic policies and ideology, as well as fostering economic and social transformation. |
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From the mid-17th century to around 1700, the Ottoman Empire was dominated by the [[Ethnos, thede, and race|ethnic]] Albanian Köprülü family and Sultan Mehmed IV. During the Great Turkish War of the late 17th century, the Ottomans faced multiple European rivals, leading to the loss of [[Hungary]] to the Austrian Empire, the Morea to [[Venice]], and steppe lands to [[Poland]]. The early 18th century, known as the Tulip Period, marked a cultural renaissance, though the Ottomans lost territories in Eastern Europe to [[Austria]] in the 1730s. Reforms under Bejasid III and Mahmud I, such as the Edict of Reorganization, reoriented the Empire's diplomatic policies and fostered economic and social transformation. |
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The 19th century, often called the Ottomans' 'century of change', began with the Augustine Wars and saw the construction of the Suez Canal. However, conflicts with [[Russia]], Austria, and [[Britain]] in the late 19th century resulted in significant territorial losses. In 1888, the Grand Congress established a constitutional monarchy, and political power struggles ensued. By 1910, the [[Orkhonism|Orkhonist]] party had gained significant influence, promoting Turkification and authoritarianism. The Great War against Russia in 1935 ended in defeat for the Ottomans, leading to the loss of vast territories. The [[Ottoman Civil War]] of the 1960s saw internal conflict between factions backed by external powers, ultimately resulting in [[Batu Hakansade]]'s coalition restoring the reformed Imperial Government to power in 1967. |
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The 19th century is often called the Ottomans' ''Asr-e-Tebdil'', the 'century of change'. ''Pax Ottomanica'' was broken in 1811, when [[Augustine Spiga|Spiga]]'s [[France|French republic]] declared war on the Ottomans, bringing them into the [[Augustine Wars]]. Emerging victorious three years later in the Congress of Vienna, the empire asserted their dominance over the eastern Mediterranean with the annexation of the Venetian Morea and [[Malta]]. From 1820 to 1836, the Ottomans constructed the Suez Canal alongside [[Britain]] and [[Genoa]]. In 1837, the Treaty of Adrianople guaranteed British ships free access. In 1884, Russia and Austria went to war against the Ottomans. This had disastrous consequences, including the breakaway of Moldavia, Wallachia, and [[Illyria]], the Austrian annexation of Bosnia, and Russia's capture of Bessarabia and the Crimean Khanate. A year later, the Ottoman state broke the Treaty of Edirne with the United Kingdom, leading to the Anglo-Ottoman War of 1885 and the British occupation of [[Egypt]]. |
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After the defeats of the past decade, the Grand Congress was established in 1888, transforming the empire into a constitutional monarchy. Two ideologies vied for power in the late 19th century; Hatayism and [[Orkhonism]]. The latter eventually succeeded in gaining significant influence in the government in 1903 and establishing a close alliance with the new [[Bejasid IV]] in 1910. [[Hamza Kojundschu]], the leader of the Orkhonist party, aimed to create an Ottoman national identity through extensive Turkification of Syria, Mesopotamia, Rumelia, and other majority-minority regions. After Konjundschu's unexpected death in 1914, Oguen Oesstekin was appointed Grand Vizier. His revanchist administration promoted authoritarianism and ultramonarchism, renewing territorial claims on the Crimea and Egypt. In 1929, the increasingly militarized state established an alliance with their former enemies Austria and France, creating the [[Factions of the Great War|Tripartite Coalition]]. |
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In the spring of 1935, Oesstekin's government declared war on Russia, beginning the [[Great War]]. In the early phase of the war, the Ottoman military occupied large swathes of southern Russia, the Crimea, and Egypt. The country also supported Austria's invasion of Poland and Orkhonist [[Turkestan]]'s independence war against the Russians. In 1938, Tripolitania and Tunisia fell to enemy forces, followed by a series of rapid and successful revolts in Mesopotamia and Arabia. The Russian capture of Constantinople in April led to Ottoman surrender. Following their defeat, the empire's European territories broke away and formed the [[Rumelia|Rumelian National Republic]], while Constantinople was made a Russo-Rumelian condominium. The Congress of Amsterdam of 1939 stripped the Ottoman Empire of their lands in Mesopotamia, Arabia, Africa, Europe, and Cyprus. |
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== Government and Politics == |
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== Demographics == |
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== List of leaders == |
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==== List of monarchs ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Name |
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! colspan="2" |Reign |
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|- |
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|Mehmed IV |
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|1642 |
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|1693 |
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|- |
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|Ahmed II |
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|1693 |
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|1710 |
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|- |
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|Mustafa II |
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|1710 |
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|1728 |
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|- |
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|Bejasid III |
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|1728 |
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|1748 |
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|- |
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|Mahmud I |
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|1748 |
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|1774 |
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|- |
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|Ahmed III |
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|1774 |
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|1783 |
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|- |
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|Mahmud II |
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|1783 |
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|1784 |
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|- |
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|Ahmed IV |
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|1784 |
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|1806 |
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|- |
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|Mehmed V |
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|1806 |
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|1819 |
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|- |
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|Mustafa III |
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|1819 |
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|1837 |
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|- |
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|Selim III |
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|1837 |
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|1863 |
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|- |
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|Osman III |
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|1863 |
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|1884 |
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|- |
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|Selim II |
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|1884 |
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|1910 |
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|- |
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|Bejasid IV |
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|1910 |
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|1936 |
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|} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 07:33, 5 July 2024
.svg) Flag | |
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| Capital | Konja |
| Largest city | Aleppo or Smyrna (disputed) |
| Official languages | Ottoman Turkish |
| Recognised regional languages |
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| Foreign languages | English and German |
| Demonym | Ottoman Turkish (informal) |
| Legislature | Ottoman Parliament |
| Currency | Ottoman lira (ỻ) |
The Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عثمانيه, Dewlet-i ʿOsmânîje), also going by several other names, is a country in western Asia bordered by Mesopotamia, Nejd, the Hejaz, and Jerusalem to the south and Russia and Persia to the east and west. It stretches across most of the Anatolian plateau, Syria, and the northwestern Zagros Mountains. The State is a self-described multinational monarchy (مملكت چوق ملتها, memleket-i tšok milletha), the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate, and a center of intercontinental commerce and services between Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Names
The official long-form name of the country is the Ottoman State (دولت عثمانيه, Dewlet-i ʿOsmânîje). The official short-form name in several languages is Osmania (عثمانیت, ʿOsmânîjjet). Keeping with historical tendencies, the Ottoman State is also called Turkey; however, this was widely rejected by the Government in the 19th century and then again in the Silent War era due to its inadequacy in reflecting the multinational character of the State.
In English-language historiography, the term Ottoman Sultanate is used to refer to the incarnation of the Ottoman State after the Congress of Amsterdam in 1939; for the period prior to this date, Ottoman Empire is used.
History
From the mid-17th century to around 1700, the Ottoman Empire was dominated by the ethnic Albanian Köprülü family and Sultan Mehmed IV. During the Great Turkish War of the late 17th century, the Ottomans faced multiple European rivals, leading to the loss of Hungary to the Austrian Empire, the Morea to Venice, and steppe lands to Poland. The early 18th century, known as the Tulip Period, marked a cultural renaissance, though the Ottomans lost territories in Eastern Europe to Austria in the 1730s. Reforms under Bejasid III and Mahmud I, such as the Edict of Reorganization, reoriented the Empire's diplomatic policies and fostered economic and social transformation.
The 19th century, often called the Ottomans' 'century of change', began with the Augustine Wars and saw the construction of the Suez Canal. However, conflicts with Russia, Austria, and Britain in the late 19th century resulted in significant territorial losses. In 1888, the Grand Congress established a constitutional monarchy, and political power struggles ensued. By 1910, the Orkhonist party had gained significant influence, promoting Turkification and authoritarianism. The Great War against Russia in 1935 ended in defeat for the Ottomans, leading to the loss of vast territories. The Ottoman Civil War of the 1960s saw internal conflict between factions backed by external powers, ultimately resulting in Batu Hakansade's coalition restoring the reformed Imperial Government to power in 1967.
See also
