Venice: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Most Serene Republic of Venice|languages_type=Working languages|image_flag2=Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_(1659-1675).svg|established=697 A.D|legislature=Concio|government_type=Crowned republic with a mixed constitution|largest_city=Bologna|languages=[[Italian language|Italian]]|official_languages=[[Venetian language|Venetian]]|image_flag=RTL Flag of Venice.png|capital=Venice <small> (part of the ''Dogado'') </small>|demonym=Venetian|native_name=''Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia''|map_width=250px|image_map=Locator_Venice.png|flag_width=300px|common_languages=Lombard </br> Emilian-Romagnol </br> Marchigiano </br> Friulian </br> Ladino </br> Chakavian <small> (in Venetian Dalmatia) </small>}} |
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{{Nation |
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|common_name=Venice |
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|full_name=Republic of Venice |
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|local_name=Repùblega de Venèsia |
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|flag=RTL_Flag_of_Venice.png |
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|map=Locator_Venice.png |
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|capital= Venice |
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|population= 17.5 Million |
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|languages= {{unbulleted_list | Venetian (Official)}} |
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|currency= {{unbulleted list |
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|Venetian Lira (VNL) |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''The Most Serene Republic of Venice''' (Venetian: ''Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia''; Italian: ''Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia''), simply '''Venice''' or '''Venetia''', is a country in southern Europe, located in the northeast of the Italian peninsula. It borders [[Austria]] to the north, [[Lombardy]] to the west, [[Illyria]] to the east, and the Italian states of [[Tuscany]], [[Latium]], and [[Naples]] to the south. Established in the 7th century as the Duchy of Venice, the republic is one of the oldest continuous states in the world. |
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'''Venice''' (Venetian: ''Repùblega de Venèsia''), officially the '''Republic of Venice''', is a country lying on the eastern Adriatic coast of the Italian region. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{Main|History of Venice}} |
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The late 17th century was marked by war with the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In the 1660s, Venice consolidated its control over much of Dalmatia and lost the island of Crete. In 1700, the Republic annexed the Morea from the Ottoman Empire, reasserting its power in the eastern Mediterranean. |
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Throughout the 18th century, Venice competed with [[Genoa]] and the [[Netherlands]] in international trade and attempted to revive its deteriorating economy. In the 1710s, the Republic began establishing economic agreements with various banks and merchants. From 1755 to 1764, Venice engaged in a war with the [[Lombardy|Duchy of Milan]] over the weakened Duchy of Mantua, ending in a truce. It was not until after the [[Augustine Wars]] that Venice annexed Mantua in 1814 along with the territories of Ravenna, Ferrara, and Bologna from the Papal States. The same year, Venice lost all of its possessions in the eastern Mediterranean to the victorious Ottoman Empire. Shortly after, a military treaty was signed with the United Kingdom, giving the British navy a significant presence in the Adriatic. |
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=== Early History === |
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The history of the Republic of Venice traditionally starts with the city's foundation in 421 AD. According to tradition, Venice's original population consisted of refugees from nearby Roman towns and the countryside who fled from waves of Germanic invasions. In the 7th century, lagoon communities came together in mutual defense against the Lombards, as the Duchy of Venetia, and in the 8th century, elected their first leader. |
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In the 1860s, the duchies of Parma and Modena were partitioned with the Duchy of Milan. In 1875, Venice signed the [[Treaty of Territorial Acqusition in the Guinea|Treaty of Territorial Acquisition in Guinea]] with several other minor European powers. Its purpose was to allow the states of Venice, Sweden, Poland, Pomerania, and Tuscany to obtain colonial holdings in Africa. Despite Britain disapproving of the Treaty, Venice sent an expedition to Guinea in 1876 under Iseppo de Rocco. However, any ambitions in the regions were abandoned soon after due to lack of interest from financiers and nobles. |
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The republic grew into a trading power into the Middle Ages and had strengthened this position through the renaissance. In its early years, Venice prospered in the salt trade. This naturally led to the establishment of a thalassocracy, dominating trade on the Mediterranean sea, controlling commerce between Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Venice became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class, who served as patrons for art and architecture in the nation. |
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Venice's last colonial project was focused on the Regency of Algiers. After the French abandoned their interests in the region due to political instability, Venice, supported by the British navy, declared war against the Regency, annexing the city of Bona in 1886. They soon claimed the majority of the Regency; however, financial constraints prevented the Republic from exercising effective control in the vast majority of the region. In 1912, they relinquished their claims in what is now modern [[Algeria]] and [[Numidia]] to Britain, with the exception of the port of Bona. |
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However, Venice competed with its main rival, [[Genoa]], over trade. However, the opening up of new trade routes to Asia during the age of discovery caused the republic to be overshadowed by its rivals. Unable to secure ports outside of Europe, the Republic of Venice became less prominent in world trade. |
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The Papal States fell into disarray in the early 20th century, triggering a wave of political instability and republican insurgency across the Italian peninsula. In 1908, Venice invaded the Papal States, annexing the Adriatic apostolic provinces of Umbria and Marche. Soon after, Venice sponsored the formation of the [[Latium|Latin Republic]]. The new city states of Pontecorvo and Benevento, formerly Papal principalities, became dependencies of the Republic along with San Marino. The Republic had a large role in the reformation of the [[Catholic Church]] in this period, with the Patriarch of Venice exerting considerable influence over the central governance of the Church from this point on.[[File:RTL Italy Gains 1908.png|alt=|206x206px|left|frameless]]France and Austria were alarmed by Venetian expansion in Italy and feared growing British influence in the region. Rising tensions eventually came to a boil in 1911, when Austria declared war on Venice in an event known as the Alps War. In 1912, the war ended ''status quo ante bellum'', with Austria begrudgingly recognizing Venice's sovereignty over Umbria and Marche. France, meanwhile, continued to denounce Venice's actions, seeking a closer relationship with Austria in order to keep Venice in check. |
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=== 19th century === |
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A political crisis erupted in the Republic from 1915 when traditionalists denounced the government's recent actions against the [[Holy See]] and Venice's neighbors, as well as the growing secular and liberal consensus in the country. In 1922, the [[European Economic Crisis]] exacerbated tensions, leading to a series of political, economic, and social reforms being enacted. Venice adopted a codified constitution, which among other things limited the role of Doge to a ceremonial, monarch-like position and revived the Concio, a popular legislature which had previously been abolished in 1423. In 1926, Venice granted the right to vote to all male citizens. |
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==== Territorial Expansion ==== |
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In the aftermath of the [[History of Europe#French Revolution and the Augustine Wars (1780s-1814)|Augustine Wars]] in 1814, Venice became a vessel of British influence in the region. With no significant ports in the Mediterranean at the time, Britain signed a military alliance with Venice, in exchange for basing rights for the British navy. This was also done in part to guarantee the nation from possible Austrian aggression. In this treaty, Venice was allowed to keep Ravenna, Ferrara, and Bologna, which were formerly owned by the Papal States, awarded by France during the wars. Under the auspices of the British, Venice restarted and modernized their economy in the 1830s. By the 1840s, Venice shifted its attention to the pursuit of ''tera firma'' (lit. dry land). In the 1860s, Venice annexed the duchies of Parma and Modena. This was done with approval from the British. |
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During the [[Great War]], Austria declared war on Venice once again in September 1935. Venice swiftly joined the [[Factions of the Great War#Cordial League|Cordial League]] alongside its ally, the United Kingdom. By October, the Austrian army had invaded and occupied the Republic. After two and a half years under the Austrians, Cordial League forces liberated Venice in May 1938. In the Congress of Amsterdam, held in 1939, Venice annexed the territories of Trento and Dalmatia from the dismantled Austrian Empire. In 1941, Venice began a campaign to culturally assimilate the new territories, leading to several Slavs and Germans to emigrate to Illyria and Austria, respectively. |
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==== Acquisition of Colonies in the late 19th century ==== |
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== Government and Politics == |
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===== Expeditions into the Guinea (1875) ===== |
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In 1875, Venice signed the [[Treaty of Territorial Acqusition in the Guinea|Treaty of Territorial Acquisition in Guinea]] and several other minor powers in Europe. The treaty resulted from the Guinea Conference in 1875, led by Sweden, in an ambitious effort to demarcate and divide colonial claims in the Guinea region of Africa among the "minor powers" of Europe, including Poland, Genoa, Pomerania, and Tuscany. The larger powers of Europe did not recognize this treaty, including Britain. Britain refused to give financial support for Venice's colonial ambitions. Despite this, Venice still sent an expedition in 1876, led by Iseppo de Rocco. He landed in the Volta region and was met by the local Adagme people. However, lack of interest and interest prevented further expeditions from being sent, and Venice abandoned their plans to create a trading port. |
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== See also == |
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===== Algerian Expeditions (1886) ===== |
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{{Nations of the World}} |
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Colonial ambitions were once again renewed in the 1880s. In efforts to be seen as a major power, gain prestige, and an economic foothold in African trade, Venice plans to invade Algeria. Venice was not the first European nation to attempt establishing a foothold in Algeria; the French had tried to conquer Algeria but failed due to constant rebellion and resistance, eventually abandoning Algeria in the 1880s (in part due to the Communard Revolution). |
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Despite these historical precedents, the ambitious Venice was undeterred. In 1886, Venice first gained a foothold in Annaba in the eastern part of Algeria. More expeditions were sent in the 1890s, supported by Britain (who also started gaining a foothold in western Algeria). Despite claiming a vast portion of Algeria, the Venetians could only hold very little ground in the region. Venetian presence was centered around Annaba and Bugia while they tried to exploit local rivalries to their advantage. However, their Algerian expeditions were a burden to the treasuries of Venice. In 1912, they eventually relinquished their claims on Algeria to Britain. However, they kept the port in Annaba. |
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=== 20th century === |
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==== Invasion of the Papal Adriatic (1908), and the Alps against Austria (1911-1912) ==== |
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[[File:RTL Italy Gains 1908.png|alt=|thumb|273x273px|Venetian gains in 1908 (light purple) from the invasion of the Papal States (cyan)]] |
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The 20th century saw the outbreak of the Latial Famine in 1901-1903, which devastated Italy. Central Italy, especially the Papal States and Tuscany, were the most affected by the crisis. This led to mass revolts in the Papal States (known as the Bread Revolts), but not Venice. By 1907, the Papal States was in a state of disarray. The Venetians grew concerned about the chaos spreading to their territory. In 1908, with the support of the British, Venice invaded the Marche region of the Papal States, situated on the Adriatic Coast. Local lords resisted the Venetian invasion but soon either switched allegiances or were defeated. In the same year, exacerbated by the Venetian attack, the revolts in the rest of the Papal States grew into a full-scale uprising, overthrowing the papacy and establishing the Republic of Latium with its capital in Rome causing the pope to flee to Spain. |
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France and Austria saw this as another act of Venetian (and, by extension, British) aggression. Both France and Austria issued diplomatic protests against the British to restore the papal holdings occupied by Venice, but nothing came out of it. Rising diplomatic tensions eventually led to the Alps War in 1911, when Austria declared war on Venice. Austria called on the French to join the war but refused due to the communard government's instability at the time. The war ended in a ''status quo ante bellum'', and Austria was forced to recognize Venice's acquisition of territory in the Marche. |
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The Austrians unhappily agreed to the terms, while France openly denounced the war as an act of British and Venetian aggression. Due outcome of this conflict drew France and Austria to closer relations, and sown the seeds of a larger conflict in the decades to come.{{Nations of the World}} |
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Latest revision as of 04:39, 13 January 2023
Most Serene Republic of Venice Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia | |
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 .svg) Flag | |
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| Capital | Venice (part of the Dogado) |
| Largest city | Bologna |
| Official languages | Venetian |
| Common languages | Lombard Emilian-Romagnol Marchigiano Friulian Ladino Chakavian (in Venetian Dalmatia) |
| Working languages | Italian |
| Demonym | Venetian |
| Government | Crowned republic with a mixed constitution |
| Legislature | Concio |
| Establishment | 697 A.D |
The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia; Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia), simply Venice or Venetia, is a country in southern Europe, located in the northeast of the Italian peninsula. It borders Austria to the north, Lombardy to the west, Illyria to the east, and the Italian states of Tuscany, Latium, and Naples to the south. Established in the 7th century as the Duchy of Venice, the republic is one of the oldest continuous states in the world.
History
The late 17th century was marked by war with the Ottoman Empire. In the 1660s, Venice consolidated its control over much of Dalmatia and lost the island of Crete. In 1700, the Republic annexed the Morea from the Ottoman Empire, reasserting its power in the eastern Mediterranean.
Throughout the 18th century, Venice competed with Genoa and the Netherlands in international trade and attempted to revive its deteriorating economy. In the 1710s, the Republic began establishing economic agreements with various banks and merchants. From 1755 to 1764, Venice engaged in a war with the Duchy of Milan over the weakened Duchy of Mantua, ending in a truce. It was not until after the Augustine Wars that Venice annexed Mantua in 1814 along with the territories of Ravenna, Ferrara, and Bologna from the Papal States. The same year, Venice lost all of its possessions in the eastern Mediterranean to the victorious Ottoman Empire. Shortly after, a military treaty was signed with the United Kingdom, giving the British navy a significant presence in the Adriatic.
In the 1860s, the duchies of Parma and Modena were partitioned with the Duchy of Milan. In 1875, Venice signed the Treaty of Territorial Acquisition in Guinea with several other minor European powers. Its purpose was to allow the states of Venice, Sweden, Poland, Pomerania, and Tuscany to obtain colonial holdings in Africa. Despite Britain disapproving of the Treaty, Venice sent an expedition to Guinea in 1876 under Iseppo de Rocco. However, any ambitions in the regions were abandoned soon after due to lack of interest from financiers and nobles.
Venice's last colonial project was focused on the Regency of Algiers. After the French abandoned their interests in the region due to political instability, Venice, supported by the British navy, declared war against the Regency, annexing the city of Bona in 1886. They soon claimed the majority of the Regency; however, financial constraints prevented the Republic from exercising effective control in the vast majority of the region. In 1912, they relinquished their claims in what is now modern Algeria and Numidia to Britain, with the exception of the port of Bona.
The Papal States fell into disarray in the early 20th century, triggering a wave of political instability and republican insurgency across the Italian peninsula. In 1908, Venice invaded the Papal States, annexing the Adriatic apostolic provinces of Umbria and Marche. Soon after, Venice sponsored the formation of the Latin Republic. The new city states of Pontecorvo and Benevento, formerly Papal principalities, became dependencies of the Republic along with San Marino. The Republic had a large role in the reformation of the Catholic Church in this period, with the Patriarch of Venice exerting considerable influence over the central governance of the Church from this point on.
France and Austria were alarmed by Venetian expansion in Italy and feared growing British influence in the region. Rising tensions eventually came to a boil in 1911, when Austria declared war on Venice in an event known as the Alps War. In 1912, the war ended status quo ante bellum, with Austria begrudgingly recognizing Venice's sovereignty over Umbria and Marche. France, meanwhile, continued to denounce Venice's actions, seeking a closer relationship with Austria in order to keep Venice in check.
A political crisis erupted in the Republic from 1915 when traditionalists denounced the government's recent actions against the Holy See and Venice's neighbors, as well as the growing secular and liberal consensus in the country. In 1922, the European Economic Crisis exacerbated tensions, leading to a series of political, economic, and social reforms being enacted. Venice adopted a codified constitution, which among other things limited the role of Doge to a ceremonial, monarch-like position and revived the Concio, a popular legislature which had previously been abolished in 1423. In 1926, Venice granted the right to vote to all male citizens.
During the Great War, Austria declared war on Venice once again in September 1935. Venice swiftly joined the Cordial League alongside its ally, the United Kingdom. By October, the Austrian army had invaded and occupied the Republic. After two and a half years under the Austrians, Cordial League forces liberated Venice in May 1938. In the Congress of Amsterdam, held in 1939, Venice annexed the territories of Trento and Dalmatia from the dismantled Austrian Empire. In 1941, Venice began a campaign to culturally assimilate the new territories, leading to several Slavs and Germans to emigrate to Illyria and Austria, respectively.
