Great Qing: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Western Qing dynasty (1636-1857) === |
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==== Early Western Qing (1636-1669) ==== |
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji Huang Taichi] established the Qing dynasty in 1636. In 1644, they take Peking and proclaim it the capital of the nation. Over the next decade, the Qing (with the assistance of [[Corea]] and friendship of colonial [[Tauland]]) [[Wahhah Republic#Stabilization of the Qing periphery|defeated the Zheng family]] in southeast China and defeat the Russians in several battles on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhua_River Songhwa river]. The [[Wahhah Republic#Fate of the House of Zhu|Zhu dynasty]] disappeared from the public conscience by the late 17th century. In 1661, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor Shun Chih Emperor] dies of smallpox. The dynasty is ruled by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Regents_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor quadrumvirate] appointed by Empress Dowager Hsiao Chuang until the resumption of direct imperial rule in 1669. |
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==== Three Emperors (1669-1799) ==== |
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This thirteen-decade era consists of the reigns of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor Kang'hsi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor Yung Cheng], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor Chi'en Lung] emperors. Their collective reign is considered to be the apex of the dynasty's power and national harmony. |
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In 1681, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories Revolt of the Three Feudatories] was put down. In the 1720s, China instituted the [[Port System]] which limited official Dutch trade to the ports of Amoy, Shanghai, and Canton in response to rising Dutch imperialism in Asia. |
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The 1750s saw the elimination of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars Dzungars] and the establishment of firm Chinese rule in what is modern [[Serindia]]. After these campaigns, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Banners Bannermen] lost much state funding and became increasingly disorganized. |
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==== Late Western Qing (1799-1855) ==== |
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==== [[Canton War]] and the Partition of China (1850-1857) ==== |
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{{Main|Canton War}} |
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=== Eastern Qing dynasty (1857-1936) === |
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==== [[Mongolia#Sino-Mongolian War and Russian influence|Independence]] of Mongolia ==== |
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In 1860, an independent Mongol khanate was established with Russian support. The Khan of Mongolia began officially distancing the country from the Qing emperor. |
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==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879 Great Shansi Famine] (1876-1880) ==== |
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Around 13 million people died or emigrated during the Great Famine of the late 1870s and the subsequent typhus epidemic. The absence of continuous rice imports from southern China and the weakness of the national economy worsened the drought. Several Dutch and Corean institutions, including many religious organizations, donated millions of guilders to support the Chinese people. |
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==== [[Sino-Corean War]] (1886-1888) ==== |
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Three decades after the Canton War, the Qing dynasty lost Manchuria and the eastern half of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhili Zhili] to the [[Corea|Coreans]] and [[Russia|Russians]]. |
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==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_flood Chengchow Floods] (1887) ==== |
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In 1887, a devastating flood that began when dikes collapsed near the city of Chengchow killed over one million people. The epidemic, homeless crisis, and shortage of basic materials contributed to the Qing's defeat in the Sino-Corean War. It also precipitated the rise of several [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions Chinese salvationist sects] as prominent public organizations, despite still being considered heretical. |
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==== [[Corea#Second Sino-Corean War (1931) and the Kingdom of Haboek|Second Sino-Corean War]] (1931) ==== |
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Corean forces invaded the Zhili region and annexed a large portion of Qing territory with minimal backlash. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty Qing military] became docile and inactive during and after the invasion. Several paramilitaries, political alliances, and regional mutual aid societies took over administration of most prefectures in the coming years, limiting effective Qing authority to the provisional capital of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an Sian]. |
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==== [[Russo-Corean War|Chinese Unification War]] (1932-1935) ==== |
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==== Abolition of the Qing dynasty (1936) ==== |
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== Government and Politics == |
== Government and Politics == |
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Revision as of 06:56, 28 April 2022
| Great Qing | |
|---|---|
| 大清 | |
| 1636-1936 | |
 | |
| Established | 1636 |
| Capital | Kemo (1636-1644) Peking (1644-1931) Hsi'an (1931-1936) |
| Largest City | Peking |
| Population | 333 million (1800) |
| Government Type | Absolute monarchy |
| Languages | Mandarin (official) Cantonese Southern Chinese Central Chinese Manchu Mongol Others |
| Currency | Chinese tael (兩) |
The Great Qing (Chinese: 大清, Manchu: ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ) was a Chinese dynasty that lasted for 300 years, from 1636 to 1936. It was the largest Chinese empire in history in population and land area. It was formally disestablished when it was united with the Wah-hah Republic to form the Republic of China.
History
Government and Politics
Economy
Rice shortages
With the loss of southern China's extensive rice fields in the Canton War, the Qing dynasty began importing small-to-moderate quantities of rice from Corea and Japan. The peasantry, often plagued by food shortages, had to rely on millet and sorghum as staple foods. This substandard standard of living, especially in comparison to the working classes of Canton and Corea, fueled economic discontent.
Currency and finance
The Qing population after the Canton War often relied on foreign silver coins to be used as legal tender. Coreans began to dominate the monetary economy, often collaborating with members of the Manchu ruling class. Independence wars in Mexico and Peru led to the cessation of silver coin exports to China, causing the de-silverization of the economies of the Chinese states and financial chaos. During the European Economic Crisis, the Qing economy began to stabilize. Until its absorption into the Chinese republic, the Qing economy remained lacklustre and flat.
Demographics
Ethnicity
Emigration
The several famines, epidemics, and wars of the late 19th century led millions of Han Chinese to emigrate. Many of these chose to leave for Tussenland, Mongolia, Corea, and Mexico. Small numbers also left for the Dutch East Indies and other nations.
