Mongolia
| Mongolia | |
|---|---|
| Mongolian National Republic | |
 | |
 Location of Mongolia | |
| Capital | Oorga |
| Languages |
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Mongolia (Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Улс) is a landlocked nation in Central Asia, bordering Russia to the east and north, Huaxia to the south, and Serindia to the west.
History
The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century.
Tüsheet Khanate
During of the Canton-War, the secession of South China and the Anglo-French invasion of Qing China, local Mongol rulers led by the Chingizid Tüsheet Khan Tserendorj saw the weakness of the Qing state and decided to strike. On 1853 the Khan declared Mongolia free from Qing rule and that Mongolia shall know be known as the 'Ikh Mongol Uls', meaning the "Great Mongolian State". This led to the bloody Sino-Mongolian war from 1853 to 1860 in which the new Mongolian state made heavy use of Russian Cossack hosts mercenaries and the young nation grew increasingly dependent on Russian trade. By 1877 the Khanate of Mongolia was effectively a Russian client state with strong political and economic dependencies on the empire. In 1879, Russia supported a Russian-educated heir claimant to the Khanate which solidified their grasp on the region.
Han Chinese Immigration to Mongolia
The destruction of the 1889 'Sino-Corean' War led to the displacement of thousands of Han-Chinese from North China and Manchuria and from 1888 to 1915 Mongolia saw a substantial rise in immigration of Han settlers and refugees to the country. This led to a gradual rise in ethnic and sectarian conflict between the two groups as well as bouts of violence such as in the 'Anti-Han pogrom in Oorga in 1899'.
Mongolia in the early 20th century
Mongolia remained a strong Russian ally and started to adopt many Russian institutions (including a major reform to their military in 1901) but still remained a devotedly Buddhist nation with Russian priests being banned from proselytizing in the nation. In 1905 after the Khan died the 4th Khanate of independent Tüsheet Khanate Dashyam was declared to be the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu and Bogd Gegeen of Mongolia effectively turning Mongolia into a theocratic state.
Mongolian Revolution
During the European Economic Crisis and the subsequent chaos in Russia, Mongolia found itself in a uncertain position with it's strongest benefactor falling to revolution and the nation being swept up in ethnic in ever raising ethnic tension. In 1928, the Mongolian National-Republican taking inspiration from Russia coup-ed the Khan, abolished the Khanate and declared the creation of the Mongolian National Republic (which was recognized by Russia shortly after). Between 1928 and 1933 the new government preceded with a policy of exiling and discriminating against Han Chinese in the country. This led to a wave of emigration of Chinese out of the country and towards neighboring nations such as Serindia and Tibet.
