Corea: Difference between revisions
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It was later uncovered that King Tedjo had secured a secret pact with the Dutch a year earlier and got them to promise not to intervene in any case of Qing aggression. Furthermore, the new Corean state had secured the support of the Russians. Russian and Dutch support fueled the Corean war effort. The war ended with the Treaty of Peking (1888), with Manchuria partitioned between Corea and the Russians. |
It was later uncovered that King Tedjo had secured a secret pact with the Dutch a year earlier and got them to promise not to intervene in any case of Qing aggression. Furthermore, the new Corean state had secured the support of the Russians. Russian and Dutch support fueled the Corean war effort. The war ended with the Treaty of Peking (1888), with Manchuria partitioned between Corea and the Russians. |
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Shortly after, Tedjo established the [[Poeja|Kingdom of Poeja]] [Hankoel: 부여; Handja: 夫餘], borrowing the name from the ancient Corean kingdom of Poeja. He installed his brother |
Shortly after, Tedjo established the [[Poeja|Kingdom of Poeja]] [Hankoel: 부여; Handja: 夫餘], borrowing the name from the ancient Corean kingdom of Poeja. He installed his brother as the king of Poeja. In 1889, Tedjo declared the Corea's imperial status and stylised himself as the Emperor of Corea and King of Poeja. |
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In response to Corean aggression, Russia annexed northern Manchuria to prevent further Corean expansion. In 1889, Corea and Russia signed the Treaty of Kirim, in which each party promised not to expand into China any further. |
In response to Corean aggression, Russia annexed northern Manchuria to prevent further Corean expansion. In 1889, Corea and Russia signed the Treaty of Kirim, in which each party promised not to expand into China any further. |
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Revision as of 22:19, 26 January 2022
| Corea | |
|---|---|
| Republic of Corea | |
| 대한단국 (Hankoel) 大韓檀國 (Handja) Tehantankoek (Keukenkamp) | |
 | |
 Location of Corea | |
| Established | 1980 |
| Capital | Pjangjang |
| Largest City | Hansjang |
| Government Type | Presidential republic |
| Languages | Corean (official) |
| Currency | Corean Wan (CRW) |
Corea (Hankeol: 대한단국; Handja: 大韓檀國; Keukenkamp: Tehantankoek) is a country in East Asia. The nation borders Russia to the north, the Palhe Sea and West Corean Sea to the west, and the Eastern Sea to the east.
History
Early Modern Corea
Dutch Influence In Corea and Sjahak
One particular region of interest to the Dutch was Corea, ruled by the Tsjosan dynasty [Hankoel: 조선; Handja: 朝鮮] since 1392. Unlike the Qing, Western ideals (mainly of the Dutch strain) infiltrated the Tsjosan dynasty more easily. The majority of the Tsjosan government tolerated these ideas in the 18th century. Books, scientific instruments, and most importantly, Christianity, were imported into Corea. This influx of ideas would be known in the Corean language as the Sjahak wave [Hankoel: 서학; Handja: 西學, lit: western knowledge].
Initially, the Southerner Party [남인, lit. nam-in] supported Sjahak in opposition to the rigid Neo-Confucian Sarim Party [사림, lit. sarim]. After Crown Prince Sohyeon [소현세자] became King Sangdjong [성종, r. 1649-1690] in 1649, the progressive pro-Qing, pro-Dutch political coalition gradually split. The intellectual Confucian Silhak [실학, lit. practical knowledge] school focused on applying Western knowledge into Corean life, while the Sjinsa Party [신서파, lit. new Western faction] mainly consisted of aristocrats and took a keen interest in modern economics and Christian culture.
Dutch influence in Corea became firmly rooted in the southern city of Poesjan. King Hjandjo [현조, r. 1704-1724] would later give Yjang Island off the coast of Poesjan to the Dutch East India Company in 1710. It would eventually expand to include all of modern Poesjan by 1840.
The Dutch Empire's bond with Corea is often claimed to have been stronger than that with the Qing. In the mid-to-late-1800s, many young Corean aristocrats would be sent to study in Amsterdam, and would later serve in scientific or prestigious civil service posts in Corea. This led to the nation's thorough industrialization and helped the Corean peninsula become one of the hubs for innovation for Asia. There was a huge cultural exchange between the Batavosphere and Corea. In 1854, a Dutch missionary had invented the Keukenkamp romanization system for the Corean language, based entirely on Dutch orthography, which is still in use today.
The Gyemi Coup and the Founding of Sjakwang (1883)
During the War of Dutch Humiliation (1850-1857), the Coreans fought alongside the Dutch against rebel forces in the Lingnan region of the Qing dynasty. Eight years after the war ended, King Kjangdjo [경조] of Corea died and was replaced by his son, Hjodjang [효종], a more conservative ruler. He had blamed the Sjahak tradition as the primary cause of the Qing's fall. In 1868, Hjodjang declared a complete reversal of Corea's embracement of the Sjahak and reinstated Neo-Confucian governance. Dutch missionaries were expelled and pro-Sjahak advisors in the king's court were exiled. In 1875, Hjodjang doubled down and issued the censorship of foreign books and the persecution of Corean Christians. This period was known as the Oelhe Repression [Handja: 乙亥壓迫 lit. pressure of the earth pig year].
These policies did not sit well with the Amsterdam-educated Corean youth. In 1883, a coup d'etat was launched against Hjosdjang during the Gyemi year. The Tsjosan dynasty was removed from power and a new dynasty came into power. The Ki family, the new royals, declared the new state of Sjakwang (Hankoel: 서광; Handja: 曙光; lit: morning light), led by Tedjo the Great [태조, lit. great founder]. King Tedjo went as far as claiming that the Qing had lost their Mandate of Heaven and ended the Sade policy [사대, lit. subservience (to China)].
Sino-Corean War (1886-1888)
The Qing state, now severely weakened by internal strife, did not like what was happening in Corea. They decide to intervene in the Corean situation. Believing that the Coreans had strayed further away from Qing influence, the Qing state decides to send whatever troops they had left and restore order in Corea, a rash and ill-fated decision that would cost them their entire empire. This marks the beginning of the Sino-Corean War.
Expectedly, the odds were not in the Qing's favor. The Qing once again requests their Dutch allies to intervene. This time, however, no Dutch reinforcements were coming to their aid. The Qing were alone in the fight against Corea.
It was later uncovered that King Tedjo had secured a secret pact with the Dutch a year earlier and got them to promise not to intervene in any case of Qing aggression. Furthermore, the new Corean state had secured the support of the Russians. Russian and Dutch support fueled the Corean war effort. The war ended with the Treaty of Peking (1888), with Manchuria partitioned between Corea and the Russians.
Shortly after, Tedjo established the Kingdom of Poeja [Hankoel: 부여; Handja: 夫餘], borrowing the name from the ancient Corean kingdom of Poeja. He installed his brother as the king of Poeja. In 1889, Tedjo declared the Corea's imperial status and stylised himself as the Emperor of Corea and King of Poeja.
In response to Corean aggression, Russia annexed northern Manchuria to prevent further Corean expansion. In 1889, Corea and Russia signed the Treaty of Kirim, in which each party promised not to expand into China any further.
Sjakwang dynasty (1883-1935)
Second Sino-Corean War (1931) and the Kingdom of Haboek
In 1931, a revolution struck the Kingdom of Canton. The monarchy of Canton was overthrown and was replaced with a republican government. News spread to all of East Asia, and Corea began worrying that this republican pan-Chinese nationalist movement would spread to the northern Chinese states. The new Corean emperor, the sickly Hjodjo [효조], only a decade into his reign, decides to protect Corean interest. To achieve this, Hjodjo orders the invasion of Hebei province . He had hoped that this invasion would remove his reputation as a 'sickly emperor' and increase his merit. This was in direct violation of the Treaty of Kirim, but the Emperor hoped that the Russians wouldn't intervene because of the recent economic crisis and the recent Russian Revolution.
Corean forces marched into Hebei and occupied the province with minimal resistance. The Qing emperor was forced to sign the instrument of surrender, ceding Hebei to Corea - this victory was popularly celebrated. On the 17th of September 1931, the Emperor declared the creation of the Kingdom of Haboek (하북, lit: Hebei) and installed his brother as King of Haboek.
Russo-Corean War (1931-1935)
Modern Corea (1980-)
Government
Executive Authority
The Tsjosan and Sjakwang dynasties were both monarchies, with each monarch having varying degrees of political authority throughout history. Before 1883, the highest-ranking minister was called the Chief State Councillor and had remained the apex of government since 1400. This eventually morphed into the modern position of Prime Minister during the Sjakwang period.
Demographics
Language
Corean is the official and majority language of the Republic of Corea, spoken by over 95% of the population. Minority languages spoken include Manchu and Mandarin.
Beliefs
As of 1980, 48% of the Corean population was estimated to generally follow Confucianism and folk religion, separate from any religious institution. A further 26% practiced Buddhism, 11% new religions, 10% Protestantism, 3% Roman Catholicism, and 2% others.
Culture
Literature
One of the most widely reproduced and translated modern Corean books is Silhak scholar Park Je-ga's Observations on Great Qing and Little Anping [大清와小安平觀察], published in 1778. It documents the scholar's travels through the Qing dynasty and Tauland. While also giving vivid descriptions of late 18th century Asia, it notes the structure and origin of the Tauuan States-General, the form of Sino-Dutch fortifications, and the incompetence of the Chinese Imperial Navy.
Collective Identity
During the Tsjosan period, Coreans called themselves the 조선인 (lit. tsjosan people). After 1883, the Sjakwang state mandated the switch to 서광인 (lit. sakwang people), though most people in the Sinosphere casually used the old term. Following the fall of Sjakwang during the 1930s, the new Corean state finally changed the ethnonational collective term to Han (韓), the ancient term used for and by the ancient Corean confederacies.
Religion
Christianity
Christianity, of both Catholic & Protestant variants, were introduced to Corea by the 17th century. King Sandjong, having spent much time with Catholics in Peking and Protestants in colonial Tauland, initiated regular contact between Christian entities and the Corean state. The VOC's annexation of Yjang Island created a permanent base of Christian culture on the Corean peninsula, allowing for an exchange of religion and culture. It is estimated that by 1850, 2 in 10 Coreans affiliated themselves with Christian doctrine in some form.
Corean new religions
Buddhism
Shamanism
List of Leaders
Late Tsjosan Period (1623-1883), House of Yi
- Indjo (1623-1649)
- Sangdjong (1649-1690)
- Sindjong (1690-1704)
- Hjandjo (1704-1724)
- Yjandjo (1724-1776)
- Jandjo (1776-1800)
- Indjong (1800-1833)
- Kjangdjo (1833-1865)
- Hjodjang (1865-1883)
Sjakwang (1883-1935), House of Ki
- Tedjo (1883-1921)
- Hjodjo (1921-1935)
