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'''Lombardy''' (Lombard: ''Lombardia'') is a country on the North Italian region, bordering Switzerland to the north, Venice to the east, Tuscany and Genoa to the south, and Piedmont to the east. Lombardy was formerly the Duchy of Milan. The country renamed itself ''Lombardy'' in 1899 after the rise of the new Lombard Nationalist government.
'''Lombardy''', officially the '''Lombard Republic''' (Lombard: ''Republega de' Lumbardìa''), is a southern European country rooted upon the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Valley Plain of the Po] and bordered by [[Piedmont]], [[Genoa]], [[Switzerland]], [[Venice]], [[Austria]], and [[Tuscany]]. Ruled by the Duchy of Milan for five hundred years, a liberal republic was founded in 1899.


== History ==
== History ==
Lombardy started out as the Duchy of Milan, founded in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti. During the renaissance, the duchy experienced a period of great prosperity, dominating the silk industry and becoming one of the wealthiest states in the region. From 1499 to 1526, it was ruled by the French Bourbons, and later by the Spanish Habsburgs from 1556 until 1701.


==== Premodern history ====
Under the partition treaties during the [[History of Europe#Spanish Succession Crisis (1701)|Spanish Succession Crisis (1701)]], all Spanish holdings in Italy were to be surrendered to Bourbon France under Philip d'Anjou, and this included the Duchy of Milan. Milan would remain in French hands until 1814 when the French were defeated in the [[History of Europe#French Revolution and the Augustine Wars (1780s-1814)|Augustine Wars]]. Under the Treaty of Vienna (1814), Milan would be released as an independent kingdom.
After the collapse of the Roman empire, Lombardy was ruled by the Germanic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards Langobard state]. It was followed by nominal rule of the Holy Roman Empire, an era marked by the success of numerous city-states unified under the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League Lombard League].


The Duchy of Milan was founded in 1395 by the Visconti dynasty. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Sforza Sforza family] took over the area during the Renaissance. The area prospered for centuries, with duchies like Milan, Mantua, and Parma being centres of art, culture, science, and finance. By 1500, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insubria Insubria] was the core of Lombardy. It was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty of [[France]] from 1499 till 1526, when it was transferred to [[Spain]].
The rule of the Milanese monarchy was tenuous throughout the 19th century. The kingdom became a hotbed of political conflict, with communard, nationalist, and republican secret clubs taking root in the cities. In 1899, Lombard nationalists overthrew the Milanese monarchy and declared the Republic of Lombardy.{{Nations of the World}}

==== Second Bourbon era (1701-1814) ====
The Duchy of Milan was transferred to French control with the [[History of Europe#Crisis of the Spanish Succession|Treaty of Nîmes]] in 1699. Milan would remain in French hands until 1814, when they were defeated in the [[History of Europe#The Augustine period|Augustine Wars]].

==== Short 19th century (1814-1899) ====
Under the Treaty of Vienna, the Duchy was restored under the Sforza-Cesarini dynasty.

==== First Republican period (1899-1935) ====
In 1899, the Communard Revolution was successful, with the five-hundred year old Duchy being abolished.

== Government and Politics ==

== Demographics ==

== Culture ==

== List of leaders ==

==== House of Habsburg ====

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain Carlo I] (1665-1700)

==== House of Bourbon ====

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV Luigi XIII] (1700-1714)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain Filippo IV] (1714-1763)
* Filippo V (1763-1795)

==== French First Republic ====

* [[Augustine Spiga]] (1795-1815)

==== House of Sforza-Cesarini ====
The [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza#Sforza-Cesarini House of Sforza-Cesarini] (Lombard: ''Cà de Sforza-Cesarini'') are descendants of the ancient Sforza dynasty which ruled Milan until 1535 and kept [http://www.lasforzesca.it/lafamiglia5_en.asp Santa Fiora] since. In 1673, Federico Sforza married heiress Livia Cesarini, absorbing her family's wealth. Their descendants took on prestigious positions in the Holy See, as well as the title Prince of Gonzano. In 1815, Prince Salvatore Sforza-Cesarini became Salvatore I of Milan.

* Salvatore I (1815-1820)
* Carlo II (1820-1844)
* Carlo III (1844-1867)
* Carlo IV (1867-1895)
* Francesco III (1895-1898)
* Salvatore II (1899)

== See also ==
{{Nations of the World}}

Latest revision as of 06:49, 18 April 2022

Lombardy
Lombard Republic
Republega de' Lumbardìa
Location of Lombardy
CapitalMilan
Population12 million
Languages
  • Lombard
Currency
  • Lombard Scudo (LMS)

Lombardy, officially the Lombard Republic (Lombard: Republega de' Lumbardìa), is a southern European country rooted upon the Plain of the Po and bordered by Piedmont, Genoa, Switzerland, Venice, Austria, and Tuscany. Ruled by the Duchy of Milan for five hundred years, a liberal republic was founded in 1899.

History

Premodern history

After the collapse of the Roman empire, Lombardy was ruled by the Germanic Langobard state. It was followed by nominal rule of the Holy Roman Empire, an era marked by the success of numerous city-states unified under the Lombard League.

The Duchy of Milan was founded in 1395 by the Visconti dynasty. The Sforza family took over the area during the Renaissance. The area prospered for centuries, with duchies like Milan, Mantua, and Parma being centres of art, culture, science, and finance. By 1500, Insubria was the core of Lombardy. It was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty of France from 1499 till 1526, when it was transferred to Spain.

Second Bourbon era (1701-1814)

The Duchy of Milan was transferred to French control with the Treaty of Nîmes in 1699. Milan would remain in French hands until 1814, when they were defeated in the Augustine Wars.

Short 19th century (1814-1899)

Under the Treaty of Vienna, the Duchy was restored under the Sforza-Cesarini dynasty.

First Republican period (1899-1935)

In 1899, the Communard Revolution was successful, with the five-hundred year old Duchy being abolished.

Government and Politics

Demographics

Culture

List of leaders

House of Habsburg

House of Bourbon

French First Republic

House of Sforza-Cesarini

The House of Sforza-Cesarini (Lombard: Cà de Sforza-Cesarini) are descendants of the ancient Sforza dynasty which ruled Milan until 1535 and kept Santa Fiora since. In 1673, Federico Sforza married heiress Livia Cesarini, absorbing her family's wealth. Their descendants took on prestigious positions in the Holy See, as well as the title Prince of Gonzano. In 1815, Prince Salvatore Sforza-Cesarini became Salvatore I of Milan.

  • Salvatore I (1815-1820)
  • Carlo II (1820-1844)
  • Carlo III (1844-1867)
  • Carlo IV (1867-1895)
  • Francesco III (1895-1898)
  • Salvatore II (1899)

See also

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