China: Difference between revisions
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=== Ming-Qing Transition === |
=== Ming-Qing Transition === |
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''Main article: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing Ming-Qing transition]'' |
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==== Stabilization of the Qing periphery ==== |
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| ⚫ | The Dutch established a base on |
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===== Corea's acceptance of the new China ===== |
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King Sangdjong ascended to the Corean throne in 1649. The Southerner Party and the royal court [[Corea#Dutch Influence In Corea and Sjahak|resolved to make peace]] with the new [[Great Qing|Qing dynasty]] and abandon connections to the old Ming regime. |
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===== The Zheng family ===== |
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In 1650, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Koxinga Zheng] junk unintentionally sinks a Corean ship heading to Tauland. This provoked King Sangdjong to send marine troops to assist Qing-Dutch forces in the Minzhe region against pirates and Ming loyalists. During the [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%81%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 Battle of Cizao], Corean soldiers defeated the Zheng army alongside the Manchus. |
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Britain and France had long desired to break the Dutch monopoly on Asian trade. In the early 1800s, Britain had started to establish trading posts in southern China, particularly targeting Canton. The Qing, however, were not receptive to this. They started to enact more restrictive trade policies in Canton, leading to the disgruntlement of British and Chinese merchants alike. The influx of Christian missionaries in Canton did not help the situation either, only further alienating the populace from the ruling Qing. An insurrection was brewing in Canton, and this was exactly the opportunity the British and French had longed for. |
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Two years later in the [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%9D%B1%E6%A9%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 Battle of Jiangdong Bridge], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga Koxinga] and his army was defeated at a critical juncture. He was sent to exile in Hirado with his mother, who was evacuated to Japan two years after the Qing conquest of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan Kiang-nan]. During the battle, [https://baike.baidu.hk/item/%E6%9C%B1%E4%BB%A5%E6%B5%B7 Zhu Yihai] betrayed Koxinga and defected to the Qing side. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%BD%A9 Zheng Cai] fled to the Ryukyu kingdom with a contingent of pirates in an effort to gain materials for the next attack, especially focusing on the sulfur trade. |
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==== The War ==== |
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The unrest in Canton grew into an open revolt by 1847. The Qing were slow to respond and faced multiple defeats at the hands of the rebels. The Canton rebels were well-equipped and well-supported by British and French arms, while the Qing army was languishing in their antiquated systems of fighting. By early 1848, the rebels were able to take substantial portions of the southern China region. |
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The Zheng family eventually failed to create a Ming loyalist base in southeastern China. Later, many members of the family and their allies participated in the southern Japanese [[Ōmura Rebellion]] in 1656. |
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By late 1848, the leader of the rebellion had garnered enough support and legitimacy in the region. He established a new kingdom, dubbed by the west as the "Kingdom of Canton." This new kingdom would infuse Chinese tradition with western styles, particularly putting Christianity at its core. Britain and France were quick to recognize this new kingdom. |
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==== Fate of the House of Zhu ==== |
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At this point, the fledgling kingdom became this unstoppable force aiming at the Qing capital. The Dutch Empire realized that their Asian monopoly was at stake. If this British-backed kingdom becomes the new master of the region, the Chinese trade would be open to other powers besides the Dutch. A Qing collapse would mean the end of the Dutch Empire's Asian enterprise. The Dutch had to act quickly. In the spring of 1849, with the consent of the Qing emperor, the Dutch landed their army on the mainland and launched naval attacks on Canton. |
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The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zhu Zhu family], the former royal house of the Ming dynasty, dispersed around China after the Qing's conquest of southern China. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Youlang Yongli Emperor] established an emergency government in 1641 in response to the Qing conquests. |
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At the same time, numerous Jesuit missionaries converted much of the Ming court to Roman Catholicism. This included Empress Dowager [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Wang_(Southern_Ming) Helena Wang], Empress [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Southern_Ming) Anne Wang], Empress [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Ma_(Southern_Ming) Maria Ma], and Eunuch [https://books.google.ie/books?id=5yUzntxTZioC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Pang+Tianshou&source=bl&ots=4nrnB0wrD-&sig=ACfU3U3Y0wBRsCTk3AdCwND0seLO2-9HPA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOt5nduJH2AhXxQEEAHdsuBCsQ6AF6BAgUEAM#v=snippet&q=Pang%20Tianshou&f=false Achilleus Pang]. In 1648, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%85%88%E7%85%8A Crown Prince Cihyun] was born and baptized with the Latin name Constantine. The Empress Dowager sent a letter to the Vatican in 1650 requesting assistance to repel the Qing, which was ignored. In 1656, Empress Anne - hearing of the [[Ōmura Rebellion]] - sent a plea to the Japanese Catholic rebels to help evacuate the imperial family and their entourage. |
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Britain and France nervously watched as the Dutch crushed the rebels marching towards the north. Although not officially in the war, they continued to provide logistical support to Canton. However, they are still looking for an opportunity to intervene in the war and turn the tides. An opportunity came on 1 March 1850, when a Dutch admiral had sunk a British ship carrying gunpowder to Canton: an open act of aggression. |
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In 1662, the Emperor and the majority of the imperial family were killed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Sangui Wu Sang-kuei] in Yunnan, with the survivors being brought to Peking. However, Empress Maria and the Crown Prince were rescued by a contingent of pirates and loyalists before the massacre. They were brought to Macao via [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanning Namning] where they lived until 1665, and then resided in Manila for two months before returning to the Chinese mainland. The surviving family changed their last names to Ma (馬) and Wong (王) to escape suspicion and survived as commoners for the next century. |
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As soon as Europe got word of the incident, Britain hastily declared war on the Dutch Empire. France soon joined on the side of Canton and the British. This quickly developed into a global conflict, with British and Dutch colonies being pitted against each other in the Americas, and multiple naval battles being fought on the English channel. In China, the Anglo-British-Cantonese alliance was slowly pushing back the Dutch and the Qing. |
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After Koxinga's defeat in 1652, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Shugui Prince Ningzing] - the only other possible Ming successor - attempted to commit suicide near Tongshan Island. He was saved by an unnamed soldier. He altogether disappeared from historical records, apart from brief mention of his presence in Fort Zeelandia not long after. |
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Things started to look tragic for the Dutch, especially when the Spanish Empire declared a separate war against the distracted Dutch Empire in late 1850, hoping to take some of the territories from the Dutch [[Tussenland|Colony of Tussenland]] in America. Dutch Formosa was now being attacked on all sides, by Britain and France from Canton and the Spanish from Manila. |
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In 1725, the position of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Extended_Grace Marquis of Extended Grace] was established, with a complacent descendant of the Zhu family from a minor branch taking up the position. The title was purely ceremonial, with its holders being treated as regular Chinese citizens. |
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==== Relations with the Dutch ==== |
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| ⚫ | The Dutch established a base on [[History of Taulandt|Tauland]] in the 1620s, stabilizing their rule in the 1660s. Although not universally welcomed, they fostered a good but informal relationship with the Ming on the mainland. With the Qing conquest of southern China, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] of Formosa cut their ties with the Ming and established a strong relationship with the [[Great Qing|Qing]] and [[Corea]]. By the 18th century, the Dutch almost monopolized European trade in southern China. |
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=== Kingdom of Canton (1857-1931) === |
=== Kingdom of Canton (1857-1931) === |
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|flag=RTL Flag of Canton.png |
|flag=RTL Flag of Canton.png |
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|capital= Kwangchow (Canton) |
|capital= Kwangchow (Canton) |
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|languages=Cantonese <br /> Hakka <br /> Ban <br /> Mandarin <br /> Others|government_type=Constitutional monarchy|full_name=Kingdom of Canton|lifespan=1857-1931}} |
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The war ended in disaster for the Dutch and the Qing. In the resulting Treaty of Tchangtcheou (1857), the Kingdom of Canton was formally recognized by all nations, taking most of the southern Qing territory. Multiple treaty ports were opened, specifically Tchangtcheou (France), Foochow, Taichow, Ningpo, and Shanghai (Britain). The Dutch were forced to concede defeat and retract their monopoly on the Asian trade. All Dutch presence in China was removed. This war would later be known in the Dutch-speaking spheres as ''The War of Dutch Humiliation.'' |
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However, it was the Qing that suffered the most damage in the war. Although still holding a large territory, the situation in post-war Qing had devolved into a constant civil war between local warlords, and they would never recover from that point on/ The Qing would be known as the "Sick Man of Asia [亞洲病夫], and by the late 1880s, although the Qing state was still present ''de jure,'' it was already considered dead. The withering of the Qing in the 1880s had allowed for a new Asian power to enter the global stage: the Empire of Corea. |
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=== Modern Huaxia === |
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The southern state that broke away called itself ''Tenchyew'' (天朝; ''heavenly dynasty'') and was ruled by a Cantonese Christian dynasty. ''Tenchyew'' was more commonly known as the Kingdom of Canton in the west. |
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The Christian dynasty reigned over the Kingdom of Canton with absolute rule over the latter half of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, various secret societies promoting pan-Chinese Republicanism started springing up in Canton. By the 1910s, these secret societies had begun to increase their strength and influence over the region. Fearing a mass rebellion, the Kingdom of Canton established the Tenchyew parliament. |
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=== First Chinese Republic (1931-1936) === |
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Multiple parties formed and participated in the parliament. However, the dominating party was the National Reformation Party (華夏改革會'', lit. Huaxia Reformation Party'') which aimed to dismantle the monarchial pretensions of Canton and unite China after many decades of fragmentation. In 1927, the NRP-dominated Tenchyew parliament commenced the National Reform Movement, which attempted to do away with classical Chinese philosophy and tradition in favor of western ideals. |
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==== Sanmei Coup of 1931 ==== |
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In 1931, the NRP-dominated parliament overthrew the Cantonese Christian monarchy. They renamed the country the Huaxia Republic (華夏民國) and sought to unify with the Great Qing by military aggression. |
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Multiple parties formed and participated in the Parliament, formed in the late 1920s as an appeasement measure. The dominant party was the National Reformation Party (華夏改革會'', lit. Wahhah Reformation Party'') which aimed to dismantle the monarchy. In 1927, the NRP-dominated Parliament commenced the National Reform Movement. In 1931, the NRP-dominated parliament overthrew monarchy and established a republic. They renamed the country the Chinese Republic (華夏民國) and sought to unify with the Great Qing with military force, ending the state of division in China since 1857. |
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=== Second Chinese Republic (1936-) === |
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{{Nations of the World}} |
{{Nations of the World}} |
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Revision as of 20:58, 22 February 2022
| Canton | |
|---|---|
| Wah-hah Republic | |
| 華夏民國 Wah-hah Man-kwok (Cantonese) Hwahsia Minkwo (Mandarin) | |
 | |
| Established | 1855 (Kingdom of Canton) 1931 (Huaxia Republic) |
| Capital | Kwangchow |
| Population | 410 Million |
| Languages |
|
| Currency | Wahbai (華幣; WHB) |
Wah-hah (華夏), officially the Wah-hah Republic (華夏民國; Cantonese: Wah-hah Man-kwok; Mandarin: Hwahsia Minkwo), also commonly known as Canton, is a country in East Asia. Its capital and largest city is Kwangchow (廣州) located south of the country. Huaxia is dominated by the Han people, which built the world's first civilizations in the fertile basin of the Yellow River. For millenia, the region's political systems based around absolute hereditary monarchies and dynasties, most recent of which are the Qing 清朝 (1644-1855) and Tenchyew 天朝 (1855-1931).
Modern Huaxia's origins stem from the Cantonese state that split off from the Qing state in 1855. Constitutional reform led to the abolition of the Cantonese monarchy and supremacy of the National Reform Party in the 1931. In the same year, the country was renamed the Huaxia Republic.
During the Russo-Corean War (1932-1935), Huaxia joined with the Russians against the expansionist Corean Empire. Huaxia invaded the Corean-occupied Qing state, and in exchange for their help, the Russians awarded Beijing and all former Qing lands to Huaxia, effectively reuniting China.
History
Ming-Qing Transition
Main article: Ming-Qing transition
Stabilization of the Qing periphery
Corea's acceptance of the new China
King Sangdjong ascended to the Corean throne in 1649. The Southerner Party and the royal court resolved to make peace with the new Qing dynasty and abandon connections to the old Ming regime.
The Zheng family
In 1650, a Zheng junk unintentionally sinks a Corean ship heading to Tauland. This provoked King Sangdjong to send marine troops to assist Qing-Dutch forces in the Minzhe region against pirates and Ming loyalists. During the Battle of Cizao, Corean soldiers defeated the Zheng army alongside the Manchus.
Two years later in the Battle of Jiangdong Bridge, Koxinga and his army was defeated at a critical juncture. He was sent to exile in Hirado with his mother, who was evacuated to Japan two years after the Qing conquest of Kiang-nan. During the battle, Zhu Yihai betrayed Koxinga and defected to the Qing side. Zheng Cai fled to the Ryukyu kingdom with a contingent of pirates in an effort to gain materials for the next attack, especially focusing on the sulfur trade.
The Zheng family eventually failed to create a Ming loyalist base in southeastern China. Later, many members of the family and their allies participated in the southern Japanese Ōmura Rebellion in 1656.
Fate of the House of Zhu
The Zhu family, the former royal house of the Ming dynasty, dispersed around China after the Qing's conquest of southern China. The Yongli Emperor established an emergency government in 1641 in response to the Qing conquests.
At the same time, numerous Jesuit missionaries converted much of the Ming court to Roman Catholicism. This included Empress Dowager Helena Wang, Empress Anne Wang, Empress Maria Ma, and Eunuch Achilleus Pang. In 1648, Crown Prince Cihyun was born and baptized with the Latin name Constantine. The Empress Dowager sent a letter to the Vatican in 1650 requesting assistance to repel the Qing, which was ignored. In 1656, Empress Anne - hearing of the Ōmura Rebellion - sent a plea to the Japanese Catholic rebels to help evacuate the imperial family and their entourage.
In 1662, the Emperor and the majority of the imperial family were killed by Wu Sang-kuei in Yunnan, with the survivors being brought to Peking. However, Empress Maria and the Crown Prince were rescued by a contingent of pirates and loyalists before the massacre. They were brought to Macao via Namning where they lived until 1665, and then resided in Manila for two months before returning to the Chinese mainland. The surviving family changed their last names to Ma (馬) and Wong (王) to escape suspicion and survived as commoners for the next century.
After Koxinga's defeat in 1652, the Prince Ningzing - the only other possible Ming successor - attempted to commit suicide near Tongshan Island. He was saved by an unnamed soldier. He altogether disappeared from historical records, apart from brief mention of his presence in Fort Zeelandia not long after.
In 1725, the position of Marquis of Extended Grace was established, with a complacent descendant of the Zhu family from a minor branch taking up the position. The title was purely ceremonial, with its holders being treated as regular Chinese citizens.
Relations with the Dutch
The Dutch established a base on Tauland in the 1620s, stabilizing their rule in the 1660s. Although not universally welcomed, they fostered a good but informal relationship with the Ming on the mainland. With the Qing conquest of southern China, the Dutch of Formosa cut their ties with the Ming and established a strong relationship with the Qing and Corea. By the 18th century, the Dutch almost monopolized European trade in southern China.
Canton War (1850-1857)
Kingdom of Canton (1857-1931)
| Tenchyew | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom of Canton | |
| 天朝 | |
| 1857-1931 | |
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| Capital | Kwangchow (Canton) |
| Government Type | Constitutional monarchy |
| Languages | Cantonese Hakka Ban Mandarin Others |
First Chinese Republic (1931-1936)
Sanmei Coup of 1931
Multiple parties formed and participated in the Parliament, formed in the late 1920s as an appeasement measure. The dominant party was the National Reformation Party (華夏改革會, lit. Wahhah Reformation Party) which aimed to dismantle the monarchy. In 1927, the NRP-dominated Parliament commenced the National Reform Movement. In 1931, the NRP-dominated parliament overthrew monarchy and established a republic. They renamed the country the Chinese Republic (華夏民國) and sought to unify with the Great Qing with military force, ending the state of division in China since 1857.
Second Chinese Republic (1936-)
