France: Difference between revisions
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In the immediate aftermath of the Augustine wars, the French government planned to send another mission to resettle Australia after realizing British ambitions in the region. But, in light of the first French attempt of colonizing the continent, these plans were shelved. After a few years, the French government retooled the initial recolonization plans into a newer plan for a penal colony (which the French lacked since [[Palissandria|losing their Guyanese colony to the Tuscans]]). On May 19th, 1817, 1200 French colonists (including at least 900 convicts) landed near Bellevue Bay and established the first permanent French presence on the continent. Later in 1821, after a series of riots in Paris by revolutionary war veterans, the French government enacted a settlement program that gave large tracts of land to former soldiers to settle in Australia. One early major complaint among French settlers to Australia was the uneven gender ratio of colonists (nine Frenchmen to every French Woman in 1825). This issue led to a high degree of intermarriage with the indigenous peoples of Australia and a sizeable sex trade of wives from Polynesia and Aotearoa among colonists to French Australia. In 1828, France consolidated the Bellevue Bay penal colony and surrounding veteran land grants into the imperial territory of Terre-Australe. Along with this, the French expanded their colonial claims up the east coast of the Australian continent. |
In the immediate aftermath of the Augustine wars, the French government planned to send another mission to resettle Australia after realizing British ambitions in the region. But, in light of the first French attempt of colonizing the continent, these plans were shelved. After a few years, the French government retooled the initial recolonization plans into a newer plan for a penal colony (which the French lacked since [[Palissandria|losing their Guyanese colony to the Tuscans]]). On May 19th, 1817, 1200 French colonists (including at least 900 convicts) landed near Bellevue Bay and established the first permanent French presence on the continent. Later in 1821, after a series of riots in Paris by revolutionary war veterans, the French government enacted a settlement program that gave large tracts of land to former soldiers to settle in Australia. One early major complaint among French settlers to Australia was the uneven gender ratio of colonists (nine Frenchmen to every French Woman in 1825). This issue led to a high degree of intermarriage with the indigenous peoples of Australia and a sizeable sex trade of wives from Polynesia and Aotearoa among colonists to French Australia. In 1828, France consolidated the Bellevue Bay penal colony and surrounding veteran land grants into the imperial territory of Terre-Australe. Along with this, the French expanded their colonial claims up the east coast of the Australian continent. |
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==== In Asia ==== |
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{{Main|Canton War}} |
{{Main|Canton War}} |
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==== The Saint-Domingue War ==== |
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After the Anglo-French victory in the Canton War nearly bankrupted the French treasury, the French imperial government tried to raise funds by increasing taxes on sugar, coffee, and perfume exports from Saint-Domingue as well as increasing import tariffs on produced goods from the NNL, British colonies, and Mexico. This led to a series of riots against French imperial rule of the nation in the summer of 1859. The aftermath of these riots led to an increase in pro-independence attitudes among the Saint-Domingue middle classes. After a drunk French soldier shot and killed a Domingue woman in March of 1861, riots broke out in Saint Dominigue, spreading to all the major port cities. |
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The rebels hastily organized a militia called the ''Armée Populaire de Saint Domingue''. At the same time, pro-independence black sharecroppers and farmworkers in the island's interior took up arms and sided with the rebels. After only four months of fighting, the insurgents kicked the French military from the island and declared the independence of Saint Domingue to the world on August 16th, 1861. The French tried to regain control of the colony multiple times but were driven off time again; with mounting international pressure, a weak economy, and a semi-volatile internal political situation, the French relented and recognized the independence of Saint Domingue on October 9th, 1862. |
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==== In Africa ==== |
==== In Africa ==== |
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Revision as of 01:22, 25 March 2022
| France | |
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| République Française | |
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| Capital | Paris |
| Largest City |
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| Government Type | Republic |
| Languages |
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France, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a country primarily located in mainland Europe with overseas territories in Oceania. France borders Spain, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, Switzerland, and the Cisalpine states.
History
Government and Politics
Demographics
Culture
Imperialism
In the Americas
During the French revolution and the subsequent regime of Austinu Spiga, the British empire briefly took control of the prosperous but turbulent French island colony of Saint-Domingue. The British found the colony hard to manage, with the free black, mixed-race, and white Francophone populations resentful of British rule. During the Congress of Vienna, Britain returned the island to the French. When the French returned to the colony, they found the islanders increasingly rebellious. After an aborted revolution in 1815, French Authorities acceded to the demands of the colonials of increased autonomy of internal affairs, increased representation of the colony in the form of a locally elected governor and full equal rights to mixed-race Domingues.
In 1832, after a slave revolt in Saint-Domingue was put down, the French colonial governor implemented slave protection laws to improve working conditions for slaves on sugar plantations and decrease the risk of slave revolts. During the 1850s, abolitionist sentiments swept the colony, and after a massive slave revolt spurred on by news of South Tussenland's independence, the Governor-General of Saint-Domingue, Jean-Michel de Lepinay, declared all slaves on the island free on March 18th, 1853. The French republic was threatened by this news, as the governor didn't get the approval of manumission from the French Government. In the aftermath, the French navy was sent to Port-au-Prince that summer, but after a week of tension, the French government backed down and ratified the manumission of all slaves in the empire, the abolishment of slavery, and a token payment of restitution to former slaveowners.
In Oceania
In 1810, the Director of revolutionary France, Augustine Spiga, sent out the famous Freycinet expedition to determine the suitability of Australia for French colonization and settlement. The expedition landed on the south-eastern coast of Australia and mapped parts of the region. Two years later, news of the Freycinet expedition moved public support for the colonization of Terra Australis (what the continent of Australia was known at the time). In 1812, revolutionary France attempted to settle a colony along Bellevue Bay. However, after six months, a lack of food supplies and a surge in interpersonal rivalries among the colonists led the bay colony to be abandoned.
In the immediate aftermath of the Augustine wars, the French government planned to send another mission to resettle Australia after realizing British ambitions in the region. But, in light of the first French attempt of colonizing the continent, these plans were shelved. After a few years, the French government retooled the initial recolonization plans into a newer plan for a penal colony (which the French lacked since losing their Guyanese colony to the Tuscans). On May 19th, 1817, 1200 French colonists (including at least 900 convicts) landed near Bellevue Bay and established the first permanent French presence on the continent. Later in 1821, after a series of riots in Paris by revolutionary war veterans, the French government enacted a settlement program that gave large tracts of land to former soldiers to settle in Australia. One early major complaint among French settlers to Australia was the uneven gender ratio of colonists (nine Frenchmen to every French Woman in 1825). This issue led to a high degree of intermarriage with the indigenous peoples of Australia and a sizeable sex trade of wives from Polynesia and Aotearoa among colonists to French Australia. In 1828, France consolidated the Bellevue Bay penal colony and surrounding veteran land grants into the imperial territory of Terre-Australe. Along with this, the French expanded their colonial claims up the east coast of the Australian continent.
In Asia
In Africa
The French made an early permanent presence in the Niger Delta through mercantilism. Due to the lucrative trade of palm oil and palm kernels. Many French merchants capitalized on this opportunity and would go on to lead the trade in palm oil, which coincided with the collapse of the slave market at the time(1840s). This growing abundance in palm oil exports caused the economy in Igboland and Calabar to transition from subsistence farming to the production of aforementioned resource as a cash crop. The European merchants would face a number of climate hazards and tropical diseases, and there were no centralized institutions dealing with their interests on the mainland. The unpredictability of local rulers, would also create increasing pressure on the French government to appoint a consul in the region. Soon after, the French would create equity courts to settle trade disputes all over the coast. It would only be a matter of time until they’d expand interests in the region.
French scientists and explorers were interested in exploring the Niger River, and the presence of settlements in the area. However, every explorer commissioned for the journey faced technical issues for these expeditions and tropical diseases such as malaria further bogged down any substantial progress. With the discovery and cultivation of quinine in the 1850s that could treat malaria, the plant could have allowed for the French Empire to fund a successful expedition. But with the government facing bankruptcy as well as the Saint-Domingue War across the Atlantic, the French were unable to do so.
Some private trade organizations worked together to fund an ambitious exploration in 1858, that would be lead by La Rochelle merchant Astor Belmont which would be supported by the work of German explorer Heinrich Barth in the Hausa Kingdoms. This expedition would be a great success, as the exploration and detailed interactions with the cultures of the Niger would lead to a greater interest in the region by the French. This however wouldn’t be escalated to any major extent as a result of the Communard rebellion that shifted French society in the 1870s.
List of leaders
Bourbon monarchs
- Henry the Great (r. 1589-1610)
- Louis the Just (r. 1610-1643)
- Louis the Great (r. 1643-1714)
- Philip VII (r. 1714-1763)
- Philip VIII (r. 1763-1795)
Directors of the First Republic
- Augustine Spiga (r. 1795-1815)
Valentinois monarchs
- Louis III & XV of (1815-1833)
- Louis IV & XVI (1833-1865)
- Louis V & XVII (1865-1874)
Communard leaders
See also
