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'''Bahia''', officially the '''Bahia Republic''' (Portuguese: ''República da Bahia''), is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophone Lusophone] country in eastern South America bordered by [[Pernambuco]], [[Equador]], and [[Brazil]]. It is considered the birthplace of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil colonial Brazil], as the first Portuguese ship landed in the Bahian city of Porto Seguro. It is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse countries in the world and is a bastion of Afro-Portuguese culture.
'''Bahia''', officially the '''Bahia Republic''' (Portuguese: R''epública da Bahia'') is a country in northeast South America. It is considered the birthplace of Lusophone America, as it was in the Bahian city of Porto Seguro where the first Portuguese voyage to reach the continent arrived. Bahia is bordered to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, the north by Pernambuco, the west by Equador and the south by Brazil. It comprises eight states and the Capital District of Salvador. Bahia is considered one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, it’s culture comprises influences from native Americans, European settlers and enslaved Africans. This junction of cultures can be seen in the country's religions, food and festivities. The country also has a diverse landscape, with lush and flat coastlines, a hot semi-arid interior, where part of the Caatinga(a biome that only exists in Bahia and Pernambuco) can be found. And a subtropical hilly southern region. Economically, Bahia has the largest Luso-American GDP, with its economic sectors including industry, mining, tourism and the export of livestock and agricultural products to all over the world.


== History ==
== History ==


=== Early History ===
==== Premodern history ====
Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, the territory that today comprises the Bahia Republic was inhabited by a variety of native groups, the two most prominent being the Tupi-Guarani and the Jê.
Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, the territory that today comprises the Bahia Republic was inhabited by a variety of native groups, mainly the Tupi and the Jê.


During the colonial period, the region became one of the most important in the former Colony of Brazil. At that time, the Captaincy of Bahia, was responsible for the large-scale production of sugar and cotton. Much of the labor force was enslaved Africans brought to South America by Atlantic Slave Trade. This forced immigration granted to the country the biggest black population outside Africa.
Organized under the colonial Captaincy of Bahia, it was responsible for the large-scale production of sugar and cotton. Much of the labour force consisted of enslaved Africans brought from West African and Central African empires, leading to Bahia having the largest and most culturally significant black population in South America. For most of the colonial period, the city of Salvador was the center of Bahian society and politics.


==== The birth of modern Bahia (1800-1845) ====
For most of the colonial period, the city of Salvador was the center of the government of the colony. This title was lost after the transfer of the government to Rio de Janeiro in the late XVIII century.


=== War for Independence ===
===== War of Independence =====
During the 1830s, both Europe and the American continent saw a series of revolutions based on liberalism, republicanism and nationalism, the Spring Of Nations. Of the various colonial revolts in both Spanish and Portuguese possessions, Bahia was one of those that managed to succeed. In the middle of 1835, a rebellion began in Salvador, formed by  freed slaves seeking the abolition of slavery, liberals who could no longer support the centralizing policies of power in the hands of the Portuguese crown and bourgeois, especially merchants, who, although rich, had no political power, and low-ranking Brazilian military personnel who had no possibility of corporate ascension due to Portuguese laws.
During the 1830s, both Europe and the Americas saw a series of republican and liberal revolutions. Of the various colonial revolts in both the Spanish and Portuguese empires, Bahia was one of those that managed to succeed. Slave rebellions, becoming increasingly more common since 1800, began to threaten the slaver class in a tangible way. In the middle of 1835, a clique of freed slaves and intellectuals began an insurrection and demanded the abolition of slavery and economic reform. Merchants and soldiers soon joined the rebellion too.


The rebellion quickly spread through the city, and soon after through the captaincy. With great success in its beginnings, the Bahia Republic was proclaimed at the end of the year. In 1836, in response to the failure of local forces to control the rebellion, reinforcements were sent directly from Portugal to deal with the situation. The insurgents were not able to resist and as a last resort, they fled to the interior and adopted guerrilla warfare as a way to continue fighting.
The rebellion quickly spread through the [https://www.britannica.com/place/Reconcavo Reconcavo] and soon spread to rural areas. The Bahia Republic was proclaimed by a coalition of slaves, freed slaves, merchants, and soldiers by the end of the year. In 1836, in response to the failure of local forces to control the rebellion, reinforcements were sent directly from Portugal to deal with the situation. The insurgents were not able to resist and as a last resort, they fled to rural ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilombo quilombos]'' and adopted guerrilla tactics. The war became stationary by 1843. In that year, the southernmost captaincy of Brazil also rebelled, forcing imperial forces to focus on a new front, moreover, at that time there was a feeling that victory had already been secured in the north, which made the monarchist forces reduce concern for the region, giving the republicans an advantage. Now with two wars to deal with and the Bahians receiving support from the newly independent Colombia, the war became very costly for Portugal. In 1845 a peace treaty was signed in Salvador confirming the newly sovereign Bahia Republic.


==== ''Oligarquia'' (1851-1884) ====
With almost no advance from either side, the war became stationary until 1843. In that year, the southernmost captaincy of Brazil also rebelled, forcing imperial forces to focus on a new front, moreover, at that time there was a feeling that victory had already been secured in the north, which made the monarchist forces reduce concern for the region, giving the republicans an advantage. Now with two wars to deal with and the Bahians receiving support from the newly independent Colombia, it became very costly for Portugal, which for many decades was no longer the power it once was, to continue to fight. In 1845 a peace treaty was signed in Salvador recognizing the Bahia Republic.
The first Bahian president was [[João Ribeiro da Costa]], a General of the Bahian army during the independence war. He was installed as president by the Bahian aristocracy, though he maintained his power by appealing to the public. For 33 years, popular elections in Bahia influenced by the landed gentry, aristocracy, foreign companies, and financial institutions such as Genoese banks.


=== 19th Century in Bahia ===
==== ''Estratocracia'' (1884-1922) ====

===== Reconcavo Conspiracy =====
Since the 1850s, the Bahian army had already felt neglected by the government. Salaries were low and military equipment was in poor condition. The military were persuaded to participate in faciliating Pernambucan independence with the promise of increased salaries, military funding, and imported technologies. The war in Pernambuco ended in 1882, and yet, the military was still in poor condition. General [[Antônio Peçanha da Fonseca]], along with a hundred soldiers, stormed the State Palace on March 31, 1884. [[Arthur Moreira]], president at the time, was exiled to the Riograndense Republic.

===== Fonseca's rule =====
The military takeover was initially popular due to the failures of the Moreira administration. However, it soon became apparent that the military had no intention of restoring civilian rule, agitating the population. In 1885, General Fonseca used his influence to be officially installed to the office of President with the support of his allies in the aristocracy. The parliament was dissolved, and to ensure his position, the army was on a tight leash.

During Fonseca's rule, the Bahian army received their promised reforms. This period also marked the first steps on Bahian industrialization, as the new military regime shed connections with the restrictive agrarian elite. A textile processing industry began booming around Salvador. Loans taken from foreign banks plunged the nation into debt, creating economic distress and delaying industrialisation.

==== ''Dores dos Década de Vinte'' (1922-1934) ====
In 1900, only 10-20% of the Bahian population was eligible to vote under the 1846 Constitution. Since 1884, the military class appropriated democratic propaganda to maintain their dominance. This status quo was shattered during the 1920s, a time of major economic and sociopolitical change.

===== [[European Economic Crisis|1922 economic crisis]] =====
In 1922, Europe was hit by a heavy economic crisis. Britain and Portugal, Bahia's biggest economic partners, faced major economic decline, heavily affecting Bahia as well. Sugar and cotton plantation products were devalued. Imports were drastically reduced. To control the prices, many plantation owners ordered the burning kilograms upon kilograms of sugar and cotton. Unemployment skyrocketed, and the few working class industrial workers were subjected to slave-like conditions due to the absence of employment and worker rights laws.

Communardism, popular among the lower and intellectual classes, exploded in popularity. The three main demands were a new constitution, universal suffrage for men and women over 18, and land redistribution. The Bahian aristocracy began to crack down on dissent, leading to a polarized situation.

== Government and Politics ==


==== Constitution of 1846 ====
==== Constitution of 1846 ====
In 1846, the first Bahian constitution was ratified. The main points made in the new constitution included;
In 1846, the first Bahian constitution was granted. Among many articles, the main points of the constitution were: abolishment of slavery( slavery was already out of practice since the beginning of the war, but the ban was never inserted in a official documents), suffrage for every literate men above 20 years old, secularity of the state and a presidential mandate of five years with the possibility of second term.

# The formal abolition of slavery
# Suffrage for every literate men above 20 years old
# Secularity of the state and freedom of religion & freedom of association


==== Relation with other nations: ====
==== Foreign relations ====


===== Colombia =====
===== [[Colombia]] =====
The first country Bahia established relations with was Colombia. Colombia supported Bahian independence and was one of the first nations to recognize the new luso-american country. In 1846, Colombian figureheads attended to the ratification of the constitution and made economic deals with the Bahian government.
The first country Bahia established relations with was Colombia. Colombia supported Bahian independence and was one of the first nations to recognize the new administration In 1846, Colombian leaders actively supported the ratification of the Bahian constitution.


===== Riograndense Republic =====
===== [[Riograndense Republic]] =====
Bahia established friendly relations with the Riograndense Republic. Being for most of the century the two only Lusophone nations in the continent, a partnership soon started. Bahia was the second country to recognize the southern republic (only behind Paraguay), and right after their independence, established economic and mutual defense agreements.
Bahia established friendly relations with the Riograndese. Bahia was the second country to recognize the Republic and right after their independence.


===== Equador and Pernambuco =====
===== [[Equador]] and [[Pernambuco]] =====
In the late 19th century, Bahia supported Pernambucan independence. This act made the relation with the neighboring Equador bitter. Belém government cut relations with Salvador and started to boycott Bahian products in response to its support to Pernambuco.
In the late 19th century, Bahia supported Pernambucan independence from Equador. This caused relations between Equador and Bahia to worsen. Belém cut relations with Salvador and began a trend of boycott campaigns against Bahian products.


On the other hand, Pernambuco was recognized as independent by Bahia in 1880, two years prior to the end of its war for independence. The country received Bahian monetary support in the aftermath of the conflict and volunteers to assist in rebuilding the affected regions. Due to the cultural similarities between the two nations, they were known as the “sister republics of South America”.
Bahia prematurely recognized Pernambuco as an independent state by Bahia in 1880, two years before their independence was finalised. The country received Bahian monetary support in the aftermath of the conflict and volunteers to assist in reconstruction. Due to close cultural, geographical, and political links between the two countries, they're known as the 'sister republics of South America' or the '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caatinga Caatinga] republics'.


===== Other nations: =====
== Economy ==
After independence, Bahia lacked resources and infrastructure. During colonial times, Portugal wasn't interested in developing Brazil, and for more than three hundred years, the colony didn’t have any school or university. The road infrastructure was almost nonexistent. Portuguese law forbade the construction of new roads after 1733 due to the traffic of diamonds and gold. The colony also lacked postal service and juridical organs. It was necessary to make the country capable of having its own public services, but due to the little amount of monetary resources, the only solution was to borrow money from foreign powers.


==== 19th century ====
⚫
In 1847, the Bahian government borrowed money from Venetian and Genoese banks. Those loans made the country fall into debt for the entirety of the 19th century and part of the 20th century, and got in the way of the country's development.
⚫
Portugal and Britain became the two main economic partners of the Bahia Republic. These two nations alone received half of Bahia's exports in the 1850s.


==== National debt ====
⚫
Portugal and Britain became the two main economic partners of the Bahia Republic. These two nations alone received almost half of the Bahian exports.
⚫
In 1847, the Bahian government took massive loans from Venetian and Genoese banks. Borrowing heavily put the country into debt for the rest of the 19th century, stalling major leaps in industrialisation and development.


==== Oligarch Period ====
==== Infrastructure ====
After independence, Bahia lacked resources and infrastructure. During colonial times, Portugal actively opposed the industrial and educational development of Brazil. The Portuguese law forbade the construction of new roads after 1733. The colony also lacked postal service and judicial organs.
The first Bahian president was João Ribeiro da Costa, a sergeant major during colonial times, and general of the Bahian Army during the war. He was elected without popular vote, but was able to keep in power due to his deeds during independence. After the end of his mandate, the first popular election took place. From 1851 to 1884, Bahia passed through a period known as the Oligarch Rule or Rule of the Land. During this time, elections to a variety of public offices were influenced by the large landowners of the country. Those rich farmers used their power to rig the elections to their favor using methods such as: buying votes, manipulating ballots count and threatening communities.


== Demographics ==
During this period, the Bahian government invested little in other economic sectors, focusing on the sugar and cotton plantations, therefore benefiting the landowners.


==== 1884 Military Coup ====
==== Ethnicity ====
Since the 1850s, the Bahian army was already feeling underprivileged by the government. Payments were low and their equipment outdated. In 1877, Bahia started to support the Pernambucan independence, equipment and men to fight in the north. To be capable of doing such a thing was necessary to firm an accord with the military, which was unwilling to participate. The government promised new uniforms, equipment and rise on the payments when the conflict became over.


===== Afro-Bahians =====
The war in Pernambuco ended in 1882, but two years later, the promises weren’t kept. Not willing to keep this situation, General Antônio Peçanha da Fonseca, along with a hundred men, stormed  the government palace in Salvador in march the 31th of 1884. Arthur Moreira, president at the time, was exiled to the Riograndense Republic.


===== Pardos and cafuzos =====
The public opinion to the military was favorable due a scheme to promote them as the liberators from the old politics, and that their rule would only be of about a few months and new elections would be held soon.


===== Mulattoes, mesticoes, & Europeans =====
1885 arrived, but no democratic election as it was promised was held, actually, the total opposite happened. Unwilling to leave power, and fearing Bahia, once again, elect some oligarch for the presidency by a fraudulent election, Fonseca used his influence to be elected indirectly as president. The parliament was dissolved, and to ensure his position, the army was also under his control to respond to any rebelions. During Fonseca's rule, the Bahian army received new equipment, new uniforms and a raise on their payments, especially to those higher in the hierarchy. This period also marked the first steps on Bahia industrialization, since the former governments were heavily connected with the agrarian elite. A few textile industrial facilities were built around Salvador. Using foreign loans, these actions only made Bahia fall even deeper into debt.


===== African immigrants =====
The 1884 coup and the 1885 election marked the beginning of more than 40 years of military men occupying the executive power in the country.


=== 20th Century in Bahia ===
==== 1940 census ====


==== The troublesome 1920s ====
===== Ethnic affiliation =====


* 38% Black (subdivided into 19% Nagôs, 10% Malês, and 9% others)
===== Bahian flawed democracy =====
* 23% Mulatto (black, white)
The Bahian constitution states that every literate men above 20 years old has the right to vote and be elected to public offices. The problem was that the country around the beginning of the 20th century had an literacy rate around only 20% of the whole population, thus, more than half of the country didn’t have the right to vote. This inequality made the country ruled by the wealthy elites, the only ones that could give proper education for their children, since much of the people lived outside urban centers, and education would reach these areas only decades later.
* 19% Pardo (all mix)
* 9% Cafuzo (black, indigenous)
* 5% Mestico (white, indigenous)
* 4% White (Portuguese, Genoese, Venetians)
* 2% African immigrants (Yoruba, Akan, Hausa)


===== Religious affiliation =====
Also, since 1884, the executive power has been controlled by high ranking military personnel. Using a false sensation of democracy, generals were capable of winning every single election since this year. Of course, those victories were achieved by the use of unconstitutional ways.


* 50% Roman Catholicism
===== 1922 economic crisis and rise of communard ideals =====
* 20% Candomblé
In 1922, Europe was hit by a heavy economic crisis. At this period, European nations such as Britain and Portugal were the biggest economic partners of Bahia, thus the drop in GDP of these countries strongly affected the South American nation. Plantations of sugar and cotton, the two biggest economic activities, suffered from overproduction and devaluation of the price. Also, many customers of Bahian products either focused on local productions rather than the foreign or reduced the quantity of imports. To control the prices, many plantation owners ordered the burning of tons of sugar and cotton. Others focused on the internal market.
* 11% Islam
* 9% Dutch Reformed
* 4% Lutheranism
* 4% Zoekerism
* 2% Others


== Culture ==
Business closed and thousands lost their jobs. One alternative to keep the employees used by some businessmen was to reduce the wages. Since job laws weren’t a reality yet, thousands of employees were subdue to work in slave-like conditions for pitiful payments.


== Religion ==
In late 1922, opposition organizations and unofficial parties, especially communard associations, organized public demonstrations in Salvador. After the revolutions in France in the 1870s, Communardism gained popularity among Bahian academics in the city of Salvador, where the main university of the country could be found. These demonstrations had the goal to gain popular support by blaming the crisis on the flawed and undemocratic government.  They advocate a new constitution that would grant more political rights to the common folk, widespread education and an agrarian reform, to give land for those working under large landowners, what was called as “''modern day serfdom''’’.


==== Zoekerism ====
The communards grew strong, and to oppose this rapid growth, the Bahian government started to respond to demonstrations with force and banned any publication that was seen as “rebellion inducing”.
In the 1860s, first [[Zoekerism|Zoekerist]] missionaries arrived in Salvador. The religion was adopted by a few hundred Afro-Bahians but slowly grew into the thousands in the 1910s as the religion became more socially accepted. Most Zoekerists live in the capital of Salvador.


== See also ==
{{Nations of the World}}
{{Nations of the World}}

Revision as of 04:04, 16 March 2022

Bahia
Bahia Republic
República da Bahia
Location of Bahia
CapitalSalvador
Government TypeFederal republic
LanguagesPortuguese (official)
Nagô Ioruba
Others

Bahia, officially the Bahia Republic (Portuguese: República da Bahia), is a Lusophone country in eastern South America bordered by Pernambuco, Equador, and Brazil. It is considered the birthplace of colonial Brazil, as the first Portuguese ship landed in the Bahian city of Porto Seguro. It is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse countries in the world and is a bastion of Afro-Portuguese culture.

History

Premodern history

Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, the territory that today comprises the Bahia Republic was inhabited by a variety of native groups, mainly the Tupi and the Jê.

Organized under the colonial Captaincy of Bahia, it was responsible for the large-scale production of sugar and cotton. Much of the labour force consisted of enslaved Africans brought from West African and Central African empires, leading to Bahia having the largest and most culturally significant black population in South America. For most of the colonial period, the city of Salvador was the center of Bahian society and politics.

The birth of modern Bahia (1800-1845)

War of Independence

During the 1830s, both Europe and the Americas saw a series of republican and liberal revolutions. Of the various colonial revolts in both the Spanish and Portuguese empires, Bahia was one of those that managed to succeed. Slave rebellions, becoming increasingly more common since 1800, began to threaten the slaver class in a tangible way. In the middle of 1835, a clique of freed slaves and intellectuals began an insurrection and demanded the abolition of slavery and economic reform. Merchants and soldiers soon joined the rebellion too.

The rebellion quickly spread through the Reconcavo and soon spread to rural areas. The Bahia Republic was proclaimed by a coalition of slaves, freed slaves, merchants, and soldiers by the end of the year. In 1836, in response to the failure of local forces to control the rebellion, reinforcements were sent directly from Portugal to deal with the situation. The insurgents were not able to resist and as a last resort, they fled to rural quilombos and adopted guerrilla tactics. The war became stationary by 1843. In that year, the southernmost captaincy of Brazil also rebelled, forcing imperial forces to focus on a new front, moreover, at that time there was a feeling that victory had already been secured in the north, which made the monarchist forces reduce concern for the region, giving the republicans an advantage. Now with two wars to deal with and the Bahians receiving support from the newly independent Colombia, the war became very costly for Portugal. In 1845 a peace treaty was signed in Salvador confirming the newly sovereign Bahia Republic.

Oligarquia (1851-1884)

The first Bahian president was João Ribeiro da Costa, a General of the Bahian army during the independence war. He was installed as president by the Bahian aristocracy, though he maintained his power by appealing to the public. For 33 years, popular elections in Bahia influenced by the landed gentry, aristocracy, foreign companies, and financial institutions such as Genoese banks.

Estratocracia (1884-1922)

Reconcavo Conspiracy

Since the 1850s, the Bahian army had already felt neglected by the government. Salaries were low and military equipment was in poor condition. The military were persuaded to participate in faciliating Pernambucan independence with the promise of increased salaries, military funding, and imported technologies. The war in Pernambuco ended in 1882, and yet, the military was still in poor condition. General Antônio Peçanha da Fonseca, along with a hundred soldiers, stormed the State Palace on March 31, 1884. Arthur Moreira, president at the time, was exiled to the Riograndense Republic.

Fonseca's rule

The military takeover was initially popular due to the failures of the Moreira administration. However, it soon became apparent that the military had no intention of restoring civilian rule, agitating the population. In 1885, General Fonseca used his influence to be officially installed to the office of President with the support of his allies in the aristocracy. The parliament was dissolved, and to ensure his position, the army was on a tight leash.

During Fonseca's rule, the Bahian army received their promised reforms. This period also marked the first steps on Bahian industrialization, as the new military regime shed connections with the restrictive agrarian elite. A textile processing industry began booming around Salvador. Loans taken from foreign banks plunged the nation into debt, creating economic distress and delaying industrialisation.

Dores dos Década de Vinte (1922-1934)

In 1900, only 10-20% of the Bahian population was eligible to vote under the 1846 Constitution. Since 1884, the military class appropriated democratic propaganda to maintain their dominance. This status quo was shattered during the 1920s, a time of major economic and sociopolitical change.

1922 economic crisis

In 1922, Europe was hit by a heavy economic crisis. Britain and Portugal, Bahia's biggest economic partners, faced major economic decline, heavily affecting Bahia as well. Sugar and cotton plantation products were devalued. Imports were drastically reduced. To control the prices, many plantation owners ordered the burning kilograms upon kilograms of sugar and cotton. Unemployment skyrocketed, and the few working class industrial workers were subjected to slave-like conditions due to the absence of employment and worker rights laws.

Communardism, popular among the lower and intellectual classes, exploded in popularity. The three main demands were a new constitution, universal suffrage for men and women over 18, and land redistribution. The Bahian aristocracy began to crack down on dissent, leading to a polarized situation.

Government and Politics

Constitution of 1846

In 1846, the first Bahian constitution was ratified. The main points made in the new constitution included;

  1. The formal abolition of slavery
  2. Suffrage for every literate men above 20 years old
  3. Secularity of the state and freedom of religion & freedom of association

Foreign relations

Colombia

The first country Bahia established relations with was Colombia. Colombia supported Bahian independence and was one of the first nations to recognize the new administration In 1846, Colombian leaders actively supported the ratification of the Bahian constitution.

Riograndense Republic

Bahia established friendly relations with the Riograndese. Bahia was the second country to recognize the Republic and right after their independence.

Equador and Pernambuco

In the late 19th century, Bahia supported Pernambucan independence from Equador. This caused relations between Equador and Bahia to worsen. Belém cut relations with Salvador and began a trend of boycott campaigns against Bahian products.

Bahia prematurely recognized Pernambuco as an independent state by Bahia in 1880, two years before their independence was finalised. The country received Bahian monetary support in the aftermath of the conflict and volunteers to assist in reconstruction. Due to close cultural, geographical, and political links between the two countries, they're known as the 'sister republics of South America' or the 'Caatinga republics'.

Economy

19th century

Portugal and Britain became the two main economic partners of the Bahia Republic. These two nations alone received half of Bahia's exports in the 1850s.

National debt

In 1847, the Bahian government took massive loans from Venetian and Genoese banks. Borrowing heavily put the country into debt for the rest of the 19th century, stalling major leaps in industrialisation and development.

Infrastructure

After independence, Bahia lacked resources and infrastructure. During colonial times, Portugal actively opposed the industrial and educational development of Brazil. The Portuguese law forbade the construction of new roads after 1733. The colony also lacked postal service and judicial organs.

Demographics

Ethnicity

Afro-Bahians
Pardos and cafuzos
Mulattoes, mesticoes, & Europeans
African immigrants

1940 census

Ethnic affiliation
  • 38% Black (subdivided into 19% Nagôs, 10% Malês, and 9% others)
  • 23% Mulatto (black, white)
  • 19% Pardo (all mix)
  • 9% Cafuzo (black, indigenous)
  • 5% Mestico (white, indigenous)
  • 4% White (Portuguese, Genoese, Venetians)
  • 2% African immigrants (Yoruba, Akan, Hausa)
Religious affiliation
  • 50% Roman Catholicism
  • 20% Candomblé
  • 11% Islam
  • 9% Dutch Reformed
  • 4% Lutheranism
  • 4% Zoekerism
  • 2% Others

Culture

Religion

Zoekerism

In the 1860s, first Zoekerist missionaries arrived in Salvador. The religion was adopted by a few hundred Afro-Bahians but slowly grew into the thousands in the 1910s as the religion became more socially accepted. Most Zoekerists live in the capital of Salvador.

See also

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