Russo-Corean War: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Russo-Corean War |
| conflict = Russo-Corean War |
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| image = |
| image = Aftermath_of_the_russo_corean_war_innismaps.jpg |
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| caption = |
| caption = The ramifications of the war (1936) |
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| partof = The |
| partof = The Great War |
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| date = 1932 – 1935 |
| date = 1932 – 1935 |
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| place = East Asia |
| place = East Asia |
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| result = * |
| result = * Defeat and dismantlement of [[Corea]]'s imperial sphere |
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* Reunification of the Chinese state under the |
* Reunification of the Chinese state under the [[China#Chinese_Republic_(1936-)|Second Chinese Republic]] |
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* Russian annexation of [[Poeja]] |
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* End of the Corean Empire |
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* Return of Tsushima to Japan |
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| combatant1 = |
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* [[Poesjan]] ceded to Corea, [[Terjan]] ceded to Russia |
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| ⚫ | |||
* Start of the [[1936 Maizuru Incidents]] |
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| combatant1 = * [[History_of_Corea#Sjakwang_period_(1883-1936)|Sjakwang Corea]] |
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* [[Netherlands]] (until 1934) |
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* [[Tauland]] (support, until 1933) |
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| ⚫ | |||
* [[China#Wahhah_Republic_(1931-1936)|First Chinese Republic]] |
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* [[Japan]] |
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| commander1 = |
| commander1 = |
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| commander2 = |
| commander2 = |
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| strength1 = |
| strength1 = |
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| strength2 = |
| strength2 = |
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| casualties1 = '''Killed:''' 510,000 <br> '''Missing:''' 240,000 <br> '''Total Casualties''' 760,000 |
| casualties1 = '''Killed:''' 510,000 <br> '''Missing/Deserted:''' 240,000 <br> '''Total Casualties:''' 760,000 |
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| casualties2 = ''' |
| casualties2 = '''Civilians:''' 670,000 <br>'''Military:''' 1,819,910 |
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| combatant3 = [[Qing]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Dutch soldiers in Eindhoven.png|thumb|A pair of Dutch soldiers fighting somewhere in the region]] |
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The '''Russo-Corean War''' (Corean: |
The '''Russo-Corean War''' (Corean: 서광붕맹, Dutch: ''De Slag naar Corea'', Russian: Русско-Kорейская Bойна), also known in the Sinosphere as the '''Chinese Unification War''' (統一戰爭; Cantonese'': tung'it zinzang;'' [[Mandarin]]'': tung'i chancheng'') was a military conflict fought between 1932 and 1936. It was a punitive war launched by and [[Russia]], supported by [[Japan]] and the [[Wahhah Republic|China]], against [[Corea]] in response to the empire's expansionism. |
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== |
== Overview and context == |
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Prior to the conflict, the [[Russian Civil War]] (1925-1928) gave rise to the [[National republicanism|national republican]] government of Russia. The Corean military assumed that Russia's turmoil would prevent them from entering the war, an assumption which was eventually proved wrong. Russia was joined by Japan, who also had territorial claims in Corea. In turn, Corea calls upon its trusted ally, the [[Netherlands]]. Russia, China, and Japan joined in a coalition to defeat the Corean empire and to annex their claimed territories. |
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| ⚫ | The monarchy of [[Huaxia#Kingdom of Canton|Canton]] had been overthrown in 1931 by the Huaxia National Reform Party. This threatened Corea's |
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==== Second Sino-Corean War (1931) ==== |
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The Coreans invaded during the aftermath of the Russian Civil War (1925-1928), that saw the rise of the Russian Nationalist-Republican government in its infancy. While initially, Corea hoped that Russia was weakened by the civil war enough that it would not honor the Treaty of Peking, Russia declared war on Corea, being joined by their ally Japan. In turn, Corea calls upon the Netherlands with who it has an alliance. Thus, through a patchwork of alliances that would later see the [[Wahhah Republic|Wah-hah Republic]] join in (after being promised the reunification of China), the Russo-Corean war starts. It was a war marked by its high numbers of casualties, use of new technologies & the application of new doctrines, and their impact on modern warfare. Many historians nowadays call this conflict the first “modern” war. |
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| ⚫ | The monarchy of [[Huaxia#Kingdom of Canton|Canton]] had been overthrown in 1931 by the Huaxia National Reform Party, who established the First Chinese Republic. This threatened Corea's dominance in Northeast Asia. Fearing that the First Republic would seek to reunify China and invade the waning [[Great Qing#Eastern Qing dynasty (1857-1936)|Qing dynasty]], Corea pre-emptively invaded the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Plain Great Chinese Plains]on the 8th of February, 1931, violating the [[Treaty of Peking]] of 1888. |
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After three months of fighting, the city and Qing capital of Peking fell to Corean forces. The [[Haboek|Kingdom of Haboek]] was established as a Corean puppet state, with a member of the [[House of Ki|Ki dynasty]] chosen to serve as king. |
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== The War == |
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== Progression of the war == |
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The Russians declare war on Corea in 1932. Their first strike came from the air, as a fleet of 95 bombers on the ninth of May conducted the first successful strategic bombing mission. The city of Sjimjang was razed to the ground by a firebombing campaign and many of the city's wooden houses were burned to the ground, foreshadowing the horrible tactics that the belligerents would employ in the war. |
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More Russian air raids occurred in [[Poeja]] and in the Corean peninsula itself. [[Japan]] assisted the war effort by blockading the Dutch ports of Desjima and Poesjan. The [[Netherlands]], in turn, used [[Tauland]] as a naval base during the course of the war to support Corea. |
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| ⚫ | Tauland was considered an unwilling participant of the war. The Netherlands had employed a controversial naval agreement they made with Tauland in 1895. This strained the Netherlands' relations with the Taulanders. The island suffered numerous air raids launched from China and civilian casualties were high. This turned Tauland's public opinion against the war and pressured the government to exit the war and expel the Dutch navy. |
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| ⚫ | To further undermine the position of Corea, Russia began talks with the |
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| ⚫ | To further undermine the position of Corea, Russia began talks with the Chinese First Republic, convincing them to join the war. China's role in the war was a lot larger than the Russians had anticipated, diminishing the war efforts by Japan which were mostly limited to naval warfare and blockading of Dutch and Corean ports.[[File:A hazy picture of Dutch soldiers somewhere around Busan.jpg|thumb|Soldiers with a ''Beest'' armoured personal carrier, somewhere in Poeja. |left]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | After the [[Great War]] erupted in Europe in May 1935, Russia entered an alliance with [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]]. Afraid that the Russo-Corean conflict would merge with the Great War and invite possible British intervention in the war, the Netherlands exited the war. Neither Russia and Corea expected the move. Their withdrawal in the war was immediately recognized by Russia, and the Netherlands started pulling their troops out of Corea. This destroyed Dutch-Corean relations, with the Coreans viewing it as a betrayal. The Dutch had previously betrayed their Qing allies in [[Sino-Corean War|First Sino-Corean War]]. During the withdrawal, there were reports of violence among Corean and Dutch soldiers, but these reports were mostly unconfirmed. |
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In September 1935, the Corean Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Mjang and French diplomat Jacques-Yves Lavigne met privately, recognizing their mutual geopolitical interests in Asia. Lavigne's promise of French aid in the event of Corea joining the war led them to do so not long after. |
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=== Withdrawal of the Dutch (1935) === |
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| ⚫ | After the [[Great War]] erupted in Europe in May 1935, |
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| ⚫ | |||
On the same year, the Cantonese were able to siege down Peking, the capital of the Corean occupied Qing territory. |
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However, France did not fulfill this promise. In the November of 1935, Russian and Chinese forces captured the Poejan city of Kirim and continued to march southwards toward peninsular Corea. However, they could not make it past the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changbai_Mountains Tsjangbek Mountains], which were well-fortified. In December 1935, Russian forces were able to land in the formerly Dutch-controlled port of [[Poesjan]]. |
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== Conclusion and aftermath == |
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Russia was eventually able to enter the Corean capital, Hansjang, in 1935. However, fighting continued to occur in Southern Corea. Late in that year, the royal family of Corea clandestinely fled to Viet-Nam, demoralizing the remaining Corean soldiers loyal to the emperor. Not long after, Corean Nationalist-Republicans and Russian collaborationists were placed to administer Corea. The war officially ended in 1936 with the signing of the Treaty of Hansjang. |
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| ⚫ | |||
Russia was eventually able to occupy Hansjang, the Corean capital, in 1935. Outside of the Kyanggi region, several Corean guerrilla armies continued fighting against the Russians and Japanese. Later in that year, the [[House of Ki|imperial family of Corea]] fled to [[Vietnam]]. This demoralised the Corean resistance. Eventually, republican activists and intellectuals in the upper echelons of Corean society decided to end the war by pre-emptively surrending to their opponents. |
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==== |
==== Treaty of Hansjang (1936) ==== |
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The Coreans finally surrendered on April 1936 with the signing of the Treaty of Hansjang. Under the treaty, Corea ceded [[Poeja]] to Russia and [[Haboek]] to China. The monarchy was abolished and a nominally sovereign national republic was established. |
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Corea was re-established as the Nationalist Republic of Corea, led by the local Corean Nationalist-Republican party. Though a nominally independent state, they were mainly under the influence of the Russians. A new constitution was drafted, which erased several aspects of the Corean state, including the monarchy. |
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==== Poeja ==== |
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Poeja, with its ethnically mixed population of Han Chinese, Coreans, and Manchus, was formally annexed into the Russian National Republic as an Autonomous National Republic (ANR). The Russians allowed several former administrators to administer the Poeja Autonomous National Republic. The Russians also allowed the continued use of the Hankoel script for the different Poejan languages, including Corean, Mandarin, and Manchu. |
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==== Wah-hah Republic ==== |
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The Russians recognized the considerable contributions of the Wah-hah Republic (Canton) to the war. Under the Treaty, Canton was granted Peking and the rest of the Corean Haboek, effectively unifying Qing territory into the nation. |
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==== Japan ==== |
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The victory of Japan and its allies bolstered the popularity of the Japanese Emperor at home. However, the Russian government heavily underplayed its role in the war, mostly limited to naval blockades on the Dutch and Corean ports. Under the Treaty of Hansjang, the Russians awarded Japan the island of Tsushima and the Dutch port of Desjima but reneged on their promises of returning the ports of Maizuru and Idzu. This had caused the public opinion in Japan to turn against Russia and National-Republicanism. A few years later, Japan would forcefully retake Maizuru and Idzu from the Russians via military force, assisted and recognized by Great Britain. |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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* [[Russia]] |
* [[Russia]] |
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* |
*[[China]] |
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* [[Corea]] (and its [[History of Corea|history]]) |
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| ⚫ | |||
* [[Japan]] (and its [[History of Japan|history]]) |
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*[[Great War]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{Timeline and Lore}} |
{{Timeline and Lore}} |
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Latest revision as of 20:09, 26 September 2023
| Russo-Corean War | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of The Great War | ||||||||
 The ramifications of the war (1936) | ||||||||
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| Belligerents | ||||||||
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| Qing | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
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Killed: 510,000 Missing/Deserted: 240,000 Total Casualties: 760,000 |
Civilians: 670,000 Military: 1,819,910 | |||||||
The Russo-Corean War (Corean: 서광붕맹, Dutch: De Slag naar Corea, Russian: Русско-Kорейская Bойна), also known in the Sinosphere as the Chinese Unification War (統一戰爭; Cantonese: tung'it zinzang; Mandarin: tung'i chancheng) was a military conflict fought between 1932 and 1936. It was a punitive war launched by and Russia, supported by Japan and the China, against Corea in response to the empire's expansionism.
Overview and context
Prior to the conflict, the Russian Civil War (1925-1928) gave rise to the national republican government of Russia. The Corean military assumed that Russia's turmoil would prevent them from entering the war, an assumption which was eventually proved wrong. Russia was joined by Japan, who also had territorial claims in Corea. In turn, Corea calls upon its trusted ally, the Netherlands. Russia, China, and Japan joined in a coalition to defeat the Corean empire and to annex their claimed territories.
Second Sino-Corean War (1931)
The monarchy of Canton had been overthrown in 1931 by the Huaxia National Reform Party, who established the First Chinese Republic. This threatened Corea's dominance in Northeast Asia. Fearing that the First Republic would seek to reunify China and invade the waning Qing dynasty, Corea pre-emptively invaded the Great Chinese Plainson the 8th of February, 1931, violating the Treaty of Peking of 1888.
After three months of fighting, the city and Qing capital of Peking fell to Corean forces. The Kingdom of Haboek was established as a Corean puppet state, with a member of the Ki dynasty chosen to serve as king.
Progression of the war
The Russians declare war on Corea in 1932. Their first strike came from the air, as a fleet of 95 bombers on the ninth of May conducted the first successful strategic bombing mission. The city of Sjimjang was razed to the ground by a firebombing campaign and many of the city's wooden houses were burned to the ground, foreshadowing the horrible tactics that the belligerents would employ in the war.
More Russian air raids occurred in Poeja and in the Corean peninsula itself. Japan assisted the war effort by blockading the Dutch ports of Desjima and Poesjan. The Netherlands, in turn, used Tauland as a naval base during the course of the war to support Corea.
Tauland was considered an unwilling participant of the war. The Netherlands had employed a controversial naval agreement they made with Tauland in 1895. This strained the Netherlands' relations with the Taulanders. The island suffered numerous air raids launched from China and civilian casualties were high. This turned Tauland's public opinion against the war and pressured the government to exit the war and expel the Dutch navy.
To further undermine the position of Corea, Russia began talks with the Chinese First Republic, convincing them to join the war. China's role in the war was a lot larger than the Russians had anticipated, diminishing the war efforts by Japan which were mostly limited to naval warfare and blockading of Dutch and Corean ports.
After the Great War erupted in Europe in May 1935, Russia entered an alliance with Great Britain. Afraid that the Russo-Corean conflict would merge with the Great War and invite possible British intervention in the war, the Netherlands exited the war. Neither Russia and Corea expected the move. Their withdrawal in the war was immediately recognized by Russia, and the Netherlands started pulling their troops out of Corea. This destroyed Dutch-Corean relations, with the Coreans viewing it as a betrayal. The Dutch had previously betrayed their Qing allies in First Sino-Corean War. During the withdrawal, there were reports of violence among Corean and Dutch soldiers, but these reports were mostly unconfirmed.
In September 1935, the Corean Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Mjang and French diplomat Jacques-Yves Lavigne met privately, recognizing their mutual geopolitical interests in Asia. Lavigne's promise of French aid in the event of Corea joining the war led them to do so not long after.
However, France did not fulfill this promise. In the November of 1935, Russian and Chinese forces captured the Poejan city of Kirim and continued to march southwards toward peninsular Corea. However, they could not make it past the Tsjangbek Mountains, which were well-fortified. In December 1935, Russian forces were able to land in the formerly Dutch-controlled port of Poesjan.
Conclusion and aftermath
Russia was eventually able to occupy Hansjang, the Corean capital, in 1935. Outside of the Kyanggi region, several Corean guerrilla armies continued fighting against the Russians and Japanese. Later in that year, the imperial family of Corea fled to Vietnam. This demoralised the Corean resistance. Eventually, republican activists and intellectuals in the upper echelons of Corean society decided to end the war by pre-emptively surrending to their opponents.
Treaty of Hansjang (1936)
The Coreans finally surrendered on April 1936 with the signing of the Treaty of Hansjang. Under the treaty, Corea ceded Poeja to Russia and Haboek to China. The monarchy was abolished and a nominally sovereign national republic was established.
Gallery
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Corean royal army soldiers out in the field.
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Russian soldiers in the ruined outskirts of Pjangjang.
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Dutch soldiers in the outskirts of Poesjan.
