Roman Catholicism: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Christian denomination|name=Catholicism|native_name=Ecclesia Catholica|image=Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.jpg|scripture=Bible|theology=Catholic theology|leader_title1=Pope|language=Latin|founded_date=1st century|leader_title2=President of the Apostolic Council|headquarters=Santiago, [[Spain]] (Papacy) </br> Rome, [[Latium]] (Supreme Apostolic Council)|founded_place=Palestine|polity=Episcopal (Papacy) </br> Parliamentary (Supreme Apostolic Council)|liturgy=See below|type=Ecclesiastical polity|founder=Jesus, according to sacred Christian tradition}} |
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[[File:Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.jpg|thumb|The '''Basilica of Santiago de Compostela''' which serves as the seat of the Pope in [[Spain]] (1910).]] |
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The '''Catholic Church''' (Latin: ''Ecclesia Catholica'') is the largest Christian church and the oldest religious institution in the world. It is subdivided into sixteen [https://religion.fandom.com/wiki/Particular_Church particular churches] and seven Rites, with the Latin Church being the most dominant and most populous. In modern day, the largest Catholic populations reside in southern Europe, [[Mexico]], [[Philippines|the Philippines]], [[Tussenland]], and western Africa. |
The '''Catholic Church''' (Latin: ''Ecclesia Catholica'') is the largest Christian church and the oldest religious institution in the world. It is subdivided into sixteen [https://religion.fandom.com/wiki/Particular_Church particular churches] and seven Rites, with the Latin Church being the most dominant and most populous. In modern day, the largest Catholic populations reside in southern Europe, [[Mexico]], [[Philippines|the Philippines]], [[Tussenland]], and western Africa. |
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== Holy See of Santiago == |
== Holy See of Santiago == |
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{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=The Holy See|native_name=Sancta Sedes|capital=Rome, [[Latium]]|official_languages=Latin </br> Spanish|capital_exile=Santiago de Compostela, [[Spain]]|image_flag=Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(pre_1808).svg|image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Papal_States_%28Renaissance_shape%29.svg|demonym=Papal </br> Pontifical|admin_center=Archbasilica of Santiago DC|government_type=Theocratic elective monarchy|common_languages=Galician|established=313}} |
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==== Flight to Spain ==== |
==== Flight to Spain ==== |
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== Supreme Apostolic Council == |
== Supreme Apostolic Council == |
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{{Infobox ecumenical council|council_name=Council of Rome|council_date=1909|accepted_by=Some members of the Catholic Church|convoked_by=Doge of [[Venice]]|previous=[[Council of Saturnia]]|presided_by=Patriarch of [[Venice]]|topics=Papal supremacy </br> Conciliarism </br> Sedevanticism|attendance=Approx. 3,000|location=Quirinal Palace, Rome, [[Latium]]}} |
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==== Council of Rome (1909) ==== |
==== Council of Rome (1909) ==== |
Revision as of 13:49, 15 May 2022
Catholicism | |
---|---|
Ecclesia Catholica | |
Type | Ecclesiastical polity |
Scripture | Bible |
Theology | Catholic theology |
Polity | Episcopal (Papacy) Parliamentary (Supreme Apostolic Council) |
Language | Latin |
Liturgy | See below |
Headquarters | Santiago, Spain (Papacy) Rome, Latium (Supreme Apostolic Council) |
Founder | Jesus, according to sacred Christian tradition |
Origin | 1st century Palestine |
The Catholic Church (Latin: Ecclesia Catholica) is the largest Christian church and the oldest religious institution in the world. It is subdivided into sixteen particular churches and seven Rites, with the Latin Church being the most dominant and most populous. In modern day, the largest Catholic populations reside in southern Europe, Mexico, the Philippines, Tussenland, and western Africa.
The leadership of the Catholic Church has been contested between the Holy See and the Supreme Apostolic Council since expulsion of the Pope in 1908. Both claim to be the worldwide leader of Catholic Christendom. From 1911, the papacy has been in exile in Spain, seated at the Archbasilica of Santiago de Compostela. The ecumenical Council of Rome, called in 1909 by the Doge of Venice, established the permanent and executive Supreme Apostolic Council, seated in Rome. Today, the rivalry between conciliarism and papism remain among the largest and most contentious religious predicaments in the world.
Etymology
History
Premodern history (100-1309)
Late Middle Ages (1309-1511)
Papacy at Avignon
The Reformation (1511-1715)
The Enlightenment (1715-1815)
Seclum chao (1815-1901)
Catholic Schism (1901-1912)
The Latial Famines of 1901 to 1903 had triggered several popular revolts in the Papal States. Pope Innocent XVII became the main target of the public's wrath due to his and his predecessors' administration of the States. Innocent XVII proceeded to die in 1904. One of his favorite cardinals, Remondo di Muzio, was swiftly elected by the College of Cardinals as Boniface X soon after.
Venice invaded the Papal States in 1908, exacerbating the severity of the revolts and further destabilizing the Papal States. A few weeks later, Boniface X was assassinated by radical republican Jacopo Marzullo in the Ponte district of Rome. Marzullo was allegedly in collaboration with an unnamed bishop. Soon after the incident, the members of the Roman Curia were expelled while the College of Cardinals was thrown into chaos. In 1909, the Doge of Venice would convoke the 20th Catholic ecumenical council, the Council of Rome. The same year, several members of the Curia, the College, and the Roman aristocracy sought refuge in the holy city of Santiago de Compostela, where they were welcomed by the Spanish government.
Holy See of Santiago
Flight to Spain
Callistian era (1910-1932)
Leonian era (1932-1973)
Assassination of Clement XIII
Hadrian era (1975-1981)
Council of Salamanca (1980)
Supreme Apostolic Council
Council of Rome | |
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Date | 1909 |
Accepted by | Some members of the Catholic Church |
Previous council | Council of Saturnia |
Convoked by | Doge of Venice |
President | Patriarch of Venice |
Attendance | Approx. 3,000 |
Topics | Papal supremacy Conciliarism Sedevanticism |
Location | Quirinal Palace, Rome, Latium |
Chronological list of ecumenical councils |
Council of Rome (1909)
In 1909, the Doge of Venice convoked the 21st recognised ecumenical council, the Council of Rome, in the Quirinal Palace. The Council, mediated and organised by the concurrent Patriarch of Venice, primarily addressed the issue of papal supremacy and the popularity of conciliarism, sedevanticism, and other forms of anti-Pontifical Catholicism. The historical ecumencial councils of Ephesus (431) and of Basel (1431) were cited as evidential examples of a long-standing desire to severely restrict or eliminate the power of the Pope.
In 1910, the Council had come to a conclusion. They agreed to form the permanent executive body of the Supreme Apostolic Council, created in the image of the First Nicaean Council, in order to replace the Holy See as the highest authoritative institution of the Catholic Church. The Apostolic Council officially claimed apostolic succession while explicitly rejecting the concept of apostolic sees and formally abolishing the position of Bishop of Rome. The provisions of the Council of Rome laid out the structure of the Supreme Apostolic Council:
- The Supreme Apostolic Council is to have a President, elected by the Council. The President can preside for life, but may be removed by the members of the Council through a plurality or majority vote. The position of President is in no way alike to the Pope, and is not invested with the same powers.
- The Patriarch of Venice shall be recognised as the sole Primate of Italia and may substitute for the President is he is absent or if the position is vacant. The position of Primate of Italia is in no way alike to the Pope, and is not invested with the same powers.
- There will be 600 members of the Council, consisting of a reasonably fair assortment of bishops in regards to population of their respective jurisdictions.
- The Quirinal Palace will be the seat of the Supreme Apostolic Council. The defence of the Apostolic Council and the Council's right to convene at the Quirinal Palace is is sanctioned by the heads of state of Venice and Latium; the Doge and the President.
- All members of the Council are to convene at the Quirinal Palace at a minimum of every three months to participate in Apostolic Conferences.
- Apostolic Conferences are distinct from ecumenical councils, which may be seldom convoked by the Supreme Apostolic Council via a majority vote in order to address special, extraordinary, and/or unforeseen matters & circumstances surrounding the Catholic Church.
Consolidation of the Council (1909-1911)
Organisation
Autonomous particular churches
There are fifteen autonomous particular churches (sui iuris) within the Catholic Church besides the Latin Church, which de jure are in full communion with the Papacy. Each particular church may have their own distinct Catholic tradition, expression, and liturgical practices.
Name | Establishment | Rite | Seat's location (cathedra) | Polity type | Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin Church (fka Roman Catholic Church) | 1st century | Roman | Santiago DC, Galicia, Spain
Quirinial Palace, Rome, Latium |
Patriarchate | Western |
Catholic Church of Padania | 1916 | Ambrosian | Milan, Lombard Republic | Metropolis | |
Maronite Catholic Church | 4th century | Maronite | Beirut, Mt. Lebanon, Ottoman Empire | Patriarchate | |
Syrian Catholic Church | 1722 | Jerusalem Free State | Patriarchate | ||
Syrian Malabar Church | 1st century | Nestorian | Cochin, Dominion of the Carnatic | Metropolis | Eastern |
Chaldean Catholic Church | 1552 | Baghdad City, State of Baghdad | Patriarchate | ||
Chinese Nestorian Church | 1868 | Loyang, China | Metropolis | ||
Melkite Greek Catholic Church | 1727 | Greek | Damascus, Syria, Ottoman Empire | Patriarchate | |
Galician Catholic Church | 1910 | Lwow, Poland | Metropolis | ||
Ruthenian Uniate Church | 1596 | Minsk, Poland | Metropolis | ||
Wallachian Greek Catholic Church | 1697 | Curtea de Argeș, Wallachia | Metropolis | ||
Coptic Catholic Church | 1731 | Alexandrine | Alexandria, Egypt | Patriarchate | |
Abyssinian Catholic Church | 1878 | Girga, Egypt | Metropolis | ||
Armenian Catholic Church | 1742 | Armenian | Erevan, Persia | Patriarchate | |
Chinese Catholic Church | 1729 | Sinitic | Zaiton, China | Patriarchate | Far Eastern |
Japanese Eastern Catholic Church | 1757 | Nagasaki, Japan | Metropolis |
Local particular churches
Local particular churches, also known as dioceses, eparchies, or vicariates, are non-autonomous particular churches.
The Latin Patriarchs
Unlike Patriarchs of sui iuris churches, the minor Latin patriarchs do not have any administrative functions and only provides pastoral, spiritual, and community leadership. They are ranked after the Pope and patriarchs in the Latin Church hierarchy.
Name | Establishment | Residence | Area served |
---|---|---|---|
Patriarch of Jerusalem | 1099 | Jerusalem | Levant |
Patriarch of Constantinople | 1204 | Constantinople | Ottoman Empire, Russia |
Patriarch of Alexandria | 1215 | Seville, Spain | Africa |
Patriarch of Antioch | 1098 | Naples, Naples | Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia |
Patriarch of Venice | 1451 | Venice, Venice | Italian peninsula |
Patriarch of Lisbon | 1716 | Lisbon, Portugal | Iberia |
Patriarch of the West Indies | 1524 | San Agustín, Florida | America |
Patriarch of Flores | 1803 | Larantúca, Timor | Southeast & south Asia |
Patriarch of Nagasaki | 1752 | vacant | Japan, Corea, China |
Primates
'Primate' is a title bestowed upon particularly important (arch)bishop who has precedence in a particular area, and may have certain administrative privileges. A list of notable and relevant primates will follow.
Name | Area served | Ecclesiastical district | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Primate of the Gauls | France | Lyon | |
Primate of the Spains | Iberia | Toledo, Santiago, or Braga | |
Primate of All Ireland | Ireland | Armagh | |
Primate of Ireland | Ireland | Dublin | |
Primate of Quebecq | New France | Quebecq | |
Primate of Normandy | Normandy | Rouen | |
Primate of Germania | Central Europe | Salzburg or Mainz | |
Primate of Italia | Italian peninsula | Venice, Dalmatia | Also the Patriarch of Venice |
Ostia | Papal loyalist | ||
Primate of Sicily | Sicily, Malta | Syracuse or Palermo | |
Primate of Batavia | Netherlands | Utrecht | |
Primate of Poland | Poland | Gniezno or Lwow | |
Primate of the East | India | Goa | |
Primate of the Philippines | Southeast Asia | Manila | |
Primate of Saint Dominic | Caribbean | Saint-Domingue | |
Primate of Brazil | Colonial Brazil | Salvador, Bahia | Anti-colonial |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Portuguese loyalist | ||
Primate of Tussenland | Tussenland | Peoria or Sault Ste. Marie | |
Primate of America | New Netherland | New Amsterdam | |
Primate of All Mexico | Mexico | Mexico City | |
Primate of California | North Mexico | Goudhaven or San Diego | |
Primate of Colombia | Colombia | Bogotá |
List of leaders
Roman Pontiffs
The Pope (Latin and Spanish: Papa), also known as the Roman Pontiff, the Spanish Pontiff, or the Supreme Pontiff (pontifex maximus), was created in the 1st century and was unequivocally confirmed as the head of the worldwide Catholic Church in the Second Nicaean Council. Since the expulsion of the Pope from Rome in 1908, the supremacy of the Papacy has been widely contested.
Popes residing in Rome
- Alexander VII (1655-1667)
- Clement IX (1667-1669)
- Alexander VIII (1667-1676)
- Innocent XI (1676-1677)
- Gregory XVI (1677-1683)
- Clement X (1683-1689)
- Innocent XII (1689-1703)
- Clement XI (1703-1736)
- Clement XII (1736-1740)
- Alexander IX (1740-1749)
- Sixtus VI (1749-1754)
- Gregory XVII (1754-1780)
- Innocent XIII (1780-1782)
- Innocent XIV (1782-1799)
- Alexander X (1799-1828)
- Leo XII (1828)
- Innocent XV (1828-1833)
- Pius VI (1833-1845)
- Sixtus VII (1845-1851)
- Alexander XI (1851-1866)
- Interregnum (1866)
- Paul VI (1866-1877)
- Innocent XVI (1877-1889)
- Alexander XII (1889-1890)
- Paul VII (1890-1893)
- Leo XIII (1893-1898)
- Innocent XVII (1898-1904)
- Boniface X (1904-1908)
Popes residing in Santiago de Compostela
- Interregnum (1908-1910)
- Callixtus IV (1910-1932)
- Leo XIV (1932-1956)
- Leo XV (1956-1973)
- Clement XIII (1973-1975)
- Adrian VII (1975-1981)
- Martin VI (1981-2002)