Amerikaens: Difference between revisions

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| ethnicity = [[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
| fam1 = Scythian
| dialects = [[Amerikaens#VarietiesDialects|Amerikaens dialects]]
| script = Latin
| nation = [[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]
| minority =[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]
|boxsize=200px|ancestor=Bergen Dutch|fam2=Germanic|fam3=Dutch|agency=[[Amerikaense Taelkomisie]]}}'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans''/ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language spokenand overdaughter alanguage [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanningof [[New NetherlandDutch]], [[Tussenland]],spoken [[Amerikaensprimarily Free State|the Free State]],by [[South TussenlandAmerikaener|Amerikaeners]] and, toacross a lesservast extent,area [[Mexico]]of andNorth [[Opdamsland]]America. It evolved from Hollandic,dialects Zeelandic,of andBergen WestDutch Flemishspoken dialectsin spoken[[History byof DutchNew settlersNetherland|17th incentury northernNew AmericaNetherland]], aneventually exampledeveloping ofseveral whichdifferent isvarieties [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutchas Pavoniawell Dutch].as Thea languagestandard developedregister aover distinctthe identityfollowing duringcenturies. theIt 18thserves centuryas a primary and isofficial language in the youngeststates of the[[New GermanicNetherland]], languages[[Tussenland]], along[[South withTussenland]], [[AfrikaansAmerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[Opdamsland]], and [[Boschland]]. Amerikaens is also spoken by minority communities in southernnearby AfricaLatino countries such as [[Mexico]] and [[Colombia]].
 
The language developed an independent identity during the course of the 18th century. In the early 20th century, a common literary variety of Amerikaens was formally standardized in New Netherland and Tussenland. As a consequence, this register of Amerikaens is the predominant form of the language used in government, education, and literature today.
Today, the language is currently spoken over significant portions of northern America and is an official language of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. The Amerikaens Language Commission (''Amerikaense Taelkomisie'') is the official regulating body and central authority for Amerikaens, responsible for developing, preserving, and promoting the language.
 
== History ==
Line 90:
|+Vowels
!
! colspan="34" |Front
! colspan="3" |Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="24" |Back
|-
!
! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! rowspancolspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" | <small>rounded</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
Line 111 ⟶ 117:
| i
|iː
|
|yː
|
|
|
|
Line 121 ⟶ 130:
|
|eː
|
|
|
|
|
Line 128 ⟶ 140:
| oː
|-
! Mid
|ɛ
|
|œ
|œː
|ə
|
|
|ʌ
|
|ə
| œ
|œː
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
!Near-open
|æ
|æː
|
|
|
|
|
Line 152 ⟶ 170:
|
|
|ʌ
|
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑː
|
|
|-
!Diphthongs
| colspan="811" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi
|}
==== Vowel shift from European Dutch ====
Line 291 ⟶ 312:
 
==== Divergences from Dutch ====
Amerikaens orthography. first recognized as distinct in the mid-18th century, preserves many forms found in early modern Dutch. In 1910, orthography was officially standardized for literary and legal Amerikaens.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
Line 300 ⟶ 321:
|aa
|ae
|''Amerik'''<u>aa'''</u>ns''
|''Amerik'''<u>ae'''</u>ns''
|
|-
|ei
|ey
|''Înh'''<u>ei'''</u>d''
|''Înh'''<u>ey'''</u>dt''
|
|-
|ui
|uy
|''Fr'''<u>ui'''</u>t''
|''Fr'''<u>uy'''</u>t''
|
|-
|ij
|ÿ
|''Vr'''<u>ij'''</u>heid''
|''Vr'''<u>ÿ'''</u>heydt''
|
|-
|uu
|ue
|''Absol'''<u>uu'''</u>t''
|''Absol'''<u>ue'''</u>t''
|
|-
|ee
|î
|'''''<u>Ee'''</u>nheid''
|'''''<u>Î'''</u>nheydt''
|
|-
|oo
|ö
|''V'''<u>oo'''</u>rland''
|''V'''<u>ö'''</u>rlandt''
|
|-
|oe
|ü
|''Daart'''<u>oe'''</u>''
|''Daert'''<u>ü'''</u>''
|
|-
|m
|mm
|''Ko'''<u>m'''</u>en''
|''Ko'''<u>mm'''</u>e''
| rowspan="2" |Does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.
|-
|l
|ll
|''Graa'''<u>l'''</u>''
|''Grae'''<u>ll'''</u>''
|-
|k
|ck
|''Boe'''<u>k'''</u>''
|''Boe'''<u>ck'''</u>''
| rowspan="3" |Only occurs at the end of a syllable.
|-
|d
|dt
|''Sta'''<u>d'''</u>''
|''Sta'''<u>dt'''</u>''
|-
|f
|v
|''Kal'''<u>f'''</u>''
|''Kal'''<u>v'''</u>''
|}
 
Line 502 ⟶ 523:
|}
 
==== GrammarSound change ====
Lenition is prevalent in Amerikaens, especially affecting consonants in the middle of words. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was read as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. It is reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' (/pʌ.ˈliː.si/, lit. 'police').
 
Deletion of final sounds (coda) in Amerikaens is one of the defining features of the language. Final consonants and vowels, most commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided and are also represented in writing.
==== Notable features ====
 
* Dutch ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'' (/təˈvreː.də/, lit. content, satisfied)
* '''Grammatical gender:''' Language contact with English and indigenous languages, as well as exposure to various American creoles, has resulted in the loss of grammatical gender in Amerikaens, much like in its sister language [[Afrikaans]].
* Dutch ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd'' (/zæit/, lit. said)
* '''Definite articles:''' Amerikaens possesses one definite article, de, with ''het'' having been eliminated altogether.
* '''Deletion of coda:''' Words often drop the final sound, usually consonants and the vowel ''e''. For example, ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'', and ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd''.
* '''Lenition of consonants:''' Consonants in the middle of words sometimes experience lenition. For example, ''poli<u>t</u>ie'' → ''poli<u>s</u>ie''.
 
== Grammar ==
==== Pronouns and verb conjugations ====
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have the simplest syntax and morphology of any continental Germanic language.
 
Amerikaens does not possess grammatical gender. As it was already waning in Dutch, gender was eliminated completely during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, likely sped up due to the language's origin as a ''lingua franca'' among diverse settlers as well as [[English]] influence.
 
==== Plurals ====
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by adding the suffix ''-s'' to a word. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is added.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
|''Kinder<u>en</u>''
|''Cijns<u>en</u>''
|-
!Amerikaens
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |English
|''Kind<u>s</u>''
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Amerikaens
|''Cÿns<u>en</u>''
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Dutch
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |''Ik ben''
|-
!English
!<small>Singular</small>
|Children
!<small>Plural</small>
|Feudal tax
|}
 
==== Determiners ====
Only two articles, a definitive (''de'') and an indefinitive (''în''), exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlands'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Singular
!Plural
!Indefinite
|-
!Nominative
|I
| colspan="2" |de
|Ik/ äk
|în ('n)
|Ik
|Ik be
| -
|-
!Genitive
|You
|Jÿdes
|der
|Jij, U
|îns ('ns)
|Jij be
|}
Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal incidates that they are far away.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Proximal
|He
| colspan="2" |dese
|Hÿ
|Hij
|Hÿ is
| -
|-
!Distal
|She
| colspan="2" |die
|Sÿ
|Zij
|Sÿ is
| -
|-
!Possessive
|We
|dies
|Wÿ
|dier
|Wij
|}
|Wÿ is
''Dese'' is equivalent to English 'this' and 'these', while ''die'' corresponds to 'that' and 'those'. ''Dies'' and ''dier'' translate to 'their's' or 'the latter's'.
|
 
==== Genitive case ====
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension. Unlike in other varieties from the Netherlands, its survival throughout the late 17th century most probably was influenced by English.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
!English
!French
|-
|''De vriend van de man.''
|It
|''Des mans friendt.''
|It
|''The man's friend.''
|Het
|''L'ami de l'homme.''
|It is
|
|}
 
==== TensesPronouns ====
Like English and Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form (often ending with ''ÿ'') and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.
In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject.
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Person
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!Subject
|+''Î'''t''''' (eat)
!Object
!Possessive
|-
|1st singular
!'''Tense'''
|Ik ('k)
! colspan="1" |'''Amerikaens'''
|Mÿ (me)
!'''Dutch'''
|Mÿn (men)
!'''English'''
|-
|2nd singular
!'''Infinitive'''
|îtJÿ (eje)
|Jou (ju)
|eten
|Jouw (juw)
|(to) eat
|-
|3rd singular, masculine
!'''Present'''
|IkHÿ ît.(he)
|Hem (em)
|Ik eet.
|Hÿs (hes)
|I eat.
|-
|3rd singular, feminine
!'''Past'''
|Sÿ (se)
|Ik hab ît.
|IkHer at.(er)
|Hers (ers)
|I ate.
|-
|1st plural
!'''Future'''
|Wÿ (we)
|Ik wil/zhal ît.
| colspan="2" |Ons
|Ik zal eten.
|I will eat.
|-
|2nd plural
!'''Past Progressive'''
| colspan="2" |Jul
|Ik dîd ît.
|Juls
|Ik was aan het eten.
|I was eating.
|-
|3rd plural, for a person
!'''Present Progressive'''
|Les
|Ik dü ît.
| colspan="2" |Leu
|Ik ben aan het eten.
|I am eating.
|-
|3rd plural, for an object
!'''Future Progressive'''
| colspan="2" |It
|Ik wil/zhal dü ît
|Its
|I will be eating.
|}
The 3rd person plural forms ''les'' (/læ/) and ''leu'' (/lœː/) come from French ''les'' and ''leur'', meaning 'them' and their' respectively. The practice was brought to [[New Amsterdam]] by French immigrants and was popularized in the late 18th century, eventually superceding the original Dutch 3rd person plural forms ''zij'', ''hun'', and ''huns''.
 
''Jul(s)'', the 2nd plural, comes from the Dutch ''jullie'' (from ''jij'' 'you' + ''lui'' 'people'). It is the equivalent of ''y'all('s)'' in English, which is used in parts of the [[United Kingdom]] as well as [[Virginia]].
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
 
|+'''''Köck''''' (cook)
==== Verb tenses ====
Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses (verbs do not conjugate or inflect). The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Tense
! rowspan="2" |Form
! colspan="3" |Example: ''ît(e)''
|-
!Amerikaens
!'''Tense'''
!Dutch
! colspan="1" |'''Amerikaens'''
!English
!'''Dutch'''
!'''English'''
|-
!''' colspan="2" |Infinitive'''
|köck''Ît(e)''
|''Eten''
|koken
|''(toTo) cookeat''
|-
!'''Present'''
|Pronoun + verb
|Ik köck.
|''Ik kook.ît''
|''Ik eet''
|I cook.
|''I eat''
|-
!'''Past'''
|Pronoun ''+ hab'' + verb
|Ik hab köck.
|''Ik kookte.hab ît''
|''Ik at''
|I cooked.
|''I ate''
|-
!'''Future'''
|IkPronoun wil/+ ''zhal'' + köck.verb
|''Ik zalzhal koken.ît''
|''Ik zal eten''
|I will cook.
|''I will eat''
|-
! colspan="5" |<small>Continuous aspect</small>
!'''Past Progressive'''
|Ik dîd köck.
|Ik was aan het koken.
|I was cooking.
|-
!'''Present Progressive'''
|IkPronoun + ''dü'' + köck.verb
|''Ik bendü aan het koken.ît''
|''Ik ben aan het eten''
|I am cooking.
|''I am eating''
|-
!Past
!'''Future Progressive'''
|Pronoun + ''dîd'' + verb
|Ik wil/zhal dü köck.
|''Ik dîd ît''
|
|''Ik was aan het eten''
|I will be cooking.
|''I was eating''
|}
 
==== Case system ====
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch. Its survival may have been influenced by English.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
!English
!French
|-
!Future
|De vriend van de man.
|Pronoun + ''zhal dü'' + verb
|Des mans friendt.
|''Ik zhal dü ît''
|The man's friend.
|—
|L'ami de l'homme.
|''I will be eating''
|}
 
== Vocabulary ==
{{Main|Amerikaens vocabulary}}
 
==== Tongue twisters ====
 
* Ik wil ît it if it is în weynig bît (''I will eat it if it's a small beetroot'').
 
== See also ==

Revision as of 17:05, 29 November 2022

Amerikaens
Amerikaens
A page from a 1655 book by the first Director-General Adriaen van der Donck.
Pronunciation[ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]
Native toNew Netherland
EthnicityAmerikaeners
Language family
Scythian
  • Germanic
    • Dutch
      • Amerikaens
Early form
Bergen Dutch
DialectsAmerikaens dialects
Writing system
Latin
Official status
Official language in
New Netherland
Tussenland
South Tussenland
Amerikaens Free State
Opdamsland
Boschland
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byAmerikaense Taelkomisie

Amerikaens (/ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language and daughter language of Dutch spoken primarily by Amerikaeners across a vast area of North America. It evolved from dialects of Bergen Dutch spoken in 17th century New Netherland, eventually developing several different varieties as well as a standard register over the following centuries. It serves as a primary and official language in the states of New Netherland, Tussenland, South Tussenland, the Free State, Opdamsland, and Boschland. Amerikaens is also spoken by minority communities in nearby Latino countries such as Mexico and Colombia.

The language developed an independent identity during the course of the 18th century. In the early 20th century, a common literary variety of Amerikaens was formally standardized in New Netherland and Tussenland. As a consequence, this register of Amerikaens is the predominant form of the language used in government, education, and literature today.

History

Geographic distribution

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t tʃ[1] k
aspirated ph th kh
voiced b d[2] g[3]
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ[4] χ[5] h
voiced[6] v z ʒ ɦ
Approximant w[7] l j
Rhotic r[8]
Vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long short long
Close i iː yː uː
Close-mid eː oː
Mid ɛ œ œː ə ʌ ɔ ɔː
Near-open æ æː
Open (a) ɑ ɑː
Diphthongs ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi

Vowel shift from European Dutch

The vowel shift in Amerikaens began in the mid-17th century in New Netherland, gradually developing until its conclusion in the late 19th century. Some dialects of Amerikaens, such as the Voor dialects of Tussenland, preserve European Dutch pronunciations.

Dutch Amerikaens Example English Notes
ɪ ɛ [ɪk] ik [ɛk] ik 'I'
ɛ æ [wɛx] weg [wæχ] weg 'Road'
ɑ ɑ [bɑŋk] bank [bɑŋk] banck 'Couch', 'bench'
ɑː [ɑxt] acht [ɑːχt] agt 'Eight'
ʌ [pɑt] pad [pʌt] padt 'Toad'
ʏ [lʏxt] lucht [lʌχt] lught 'Sky'
o [os] os [ʌs] os 'Ox'
ɔː [ons] [ɔːns] 'Us'
i iː [tin] tien [tiːn] tîn 'Ten'
u uː [stul] stoel [stuːl] stül 'Chair', 'seat'
eː eː [ˈne.ɣə(n)] negen [ˈneː.χə] nege 'Nine'
ɛə, ɛː [neːr] neer [nɛːr] nîr 'Near'
iː [eːn] een [iːn] în 'One' In dialectal speech.
aː ɑː [jaːr] jaar [jɑːr] jaer 'Year'
ɔː [ˈɦaː.vər] haver [ˈhɔː.fər] hafer 'Oats'
ɛi ɑi [ˈstrɛi̯kə(n)] strijken [ˈstrɑikə] strÿcke 'To iron'
æi [vɛi̯f] vijf [væif] vÿf 'Five'
œy œu [ɦœy̯s] huis [hœus] huys 'House'

Orthography

Divergences from Dutch

Amerikaens orthography. first recognized as distinct in the mid-18th century, preserves many forms found in early modern Dutch. In 1910, orthography was officially standardized for literary Amerikaens.

Dutch Amerikaens Example Usage notes
aa ae Amerikaans Amerikaens
ei ey Înheid Înheydt
ui uy Fruit Fruyt
ij ÿ Vrijheid Vrÿheydt
uu ue Absoluut Absoluet
ee î Eenheid Înheydt
oo ö Voorland Vörlandt
oe ü Daartoe Daertü
m mm Komen Komme Does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.
l ll Graal Graell
k ck Boek Boeck Only occurs at the end of a syllable.
d dt Stad Stadt
f v Kalf Kalv

Spelling to sound correspondences

Vowels Consonants
Grapheme IPA Grapheme IPA
checked free normal final
a /ɑ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/ /ɑː/ b /b/ /p/
ae /ɑː/, /eː/ d /d/ /t/
au /ɑu/, /ɔu/, /ɔ/ dj, dsch /ʒ/, /dj/
e /ɛ/, /ə/, /æ/ /eː/, /ə/ f, ph /f/
o /ɔ/, /ʌ/ /oː/ g, gh /χ/, /g/
ö /oː/ h /h/, /ɦ/
ai, aei /ɑi/, /æi/ j /j/
au(x), eau(x) /oː/ k, ck /k/
auw /ɔu/ l /l/
i, ie /i/, /ə/, /ɛ/ /iː/ m /m/
î /eː/ n /n/
îuw, ieuw /eːu/, /iu/ ng /ŋ/
ey /ɛi/ p /p/
eu /œː/ r /r/
oi /ɔi/ s /s/, /sj/
ou, ouw /ɔu/ sch, sh /ʃ/, /sχ/
ÿ /ɑi/, /i/ t, th /t/
ü /uː/ tsj, tj /tʃ/, /tj/
uy, üy /œu/, /ɛu/ v /f/, /v/
ue /yː/ w /w/
uw /yu/ z /s/, /z/

Sound change

Lenition is prevalent in Amerikaens, especially affecting consonants in the middle of words. Most notably, it affects the suffix -tie. Initially, the suffix was read as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. It is reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch politie has become Amerikaens polisie (/pʌ.ˈliː.si/, lit. 'police').

Deletion of final sounds (coda) in Amerikaens is one of the defining features of the language. Final consonants and vowels, most commonly n and e, are elided and are also represented in writing.

  • Dutch tevreden → tevrede (/təˈvreː.də/, lit. content, satisfied)
  • Dutch zeide → zeyd (/zæit/, lit. said)

Grammar

Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have the simplest syntax and morphology of any continental Germanic language.

Amerikaens does not possess grammatical gender. As it was already waning in Dutch, gender was eliminated completely during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, likely sped up due to the language's origin as a lingua franca among diverse settlers as well as English influence.

Plurals

Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by adding the suffix -s to a word. If a word already ends in an s, then an -en is added.

Dutch Kinderen Cijnsen
Amerikaens Kinds Cÿnsen
English Children Feudal tax

Determiners

Only two articles, a definitive (de) and an indefinitive (în), exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, Koninckrÿck der Nederlands lit. 'Kingdom of the Netherlands').

Singular Plural Indefinite
Nominative de în ('n)
Genitive des der îns ('ns)

Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal incidates that they are far away.

Singular Plural
Proximal dese
Distal die
Possessive dies dier

Dese is equivalent to English 'this' and 'these', while die corresponds to 'that' and 'those'. Dies and dier translate to 'their's' or 'the latter's'.

Genitive case

Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension. Unlike in other varieties from the Netherlands, its survival throughout the late 17th century most probably was influenced by English.

Dutch Amerikaens English French
De vriend van de man. Des mans friendt. The man's friend. L'ami de l'homme.

Pronouns

Like English and Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form (often ending with ÿ) and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.

Person Subject Object Possessive
1st singular Ik ('k) Mÿ (me) Mÿn (men)
2nd singular Jÿ (je) Jou (ju) Jouw (juw)
3rd singular, masculine Hÿ (he) Hem (em) Hÿs (hes)
3rd singular, feminine Sÿ (se) Her (er) Hers (ers)
1st plural Wÿ (we) Ons
2nd plural Jul Juls
3rd plural, for a person Les Leu
3rd plural, for an object It Its

The 3rd person plural forms les (/læ/) and leu (/lœː/) come from French les and leur, meaning 'them' and their' respectively. The practice was brought to New Amsterdam by French immigrants and was popularized in the late 18th century, eventually superceding the original Dutch 3rd person plural forms zij, hun, and huns.

Jul(s), the 2nd plural, comes from the Dutch jullie (from jij 'you' + lui 'people'). It is the equivalent of y'all('s) in English, which is used in parts of the United Kingdom as well as Virginia.

Verb tenses

Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses (verbs do not conjugate or inflect). The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.

Tense Form Example: ît(e)
Amerikaens Dutch English
Infinitive Ît(e) Eten (To) eat
Present Pronoun + verb Ik ît Ik eet I eat
Past Pronoun + hab + verb Ik hab ît Ik at I ate
Future Pronoun + zhal + verb Ik zhal ît Ik zal eten I will eat
Continuous aspect
Present Pronoun + dü + verb Ik dü ît Ik ben aan het eten I am eating
Past Pronoun + dîd + verb Ik dîd ît Ik was aan het eten I was eating
Future Pronoun + zhal dü + verb Ik zhal dü ît — I will be eating

Vocabulary

Main article: Amerikaens vocabulary

See also

  1. ↑ /c/ and /tɕ/ are allophones of /tʃ/.
  2. ↑ /d/ is devoiced at the ends of words as /t/.
  3. ↑ /g/ is an allophone of [χ] and is also used in loanwords.
  4. ↑ /ɕ/ is an allophone.
  5. ↑ Merger of /ɣ/ and /x/. Before /j/, it can be fronted to /ç/.
  6. ↑ Voiced fricatives are generally devoiced by the majority of Amerikaens speakers.
  7. ↑ Due to influence from French and English, the original Dutch /ʋ/ came to be realised as /w/.
  8. ↑ [ʁ] and [ɾ] are allophones.
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