Revision as of 04:34, 2 October 2022

Cantonese-influenced ONP

Initials chart
		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatals	Velar		Glottal
		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatals	plain	labial	Glottal
Nasal		m [m] 摸	n [n] 挪			ng [ng] 我
Stop	plain	b [p] 波	d [t] 多			g [k] 哥	gw [kʷ] 姑	[ʔ] 亞
Stop	aspirated	p [pʰ] 婆	t [tʰ] 拖			k [kʰ] 卡	kw [kʷʰ] 箍
Affricative	plain		z [ts] 知		[tɕ]¹
Affricative	aspirated		c [tsʰ] 雌		[tɕʰ]¹
Fricative	plain	f [f] 科	s [s] 思	x [ʂ]~[ʃ] 書²				h [h] 何
Fricative	voiced			r [ʐ] 肉³				h [h] 何
Approximant			l [l] 羅⁴		j [j] 也		w [w] 華

¹[ts] and [tsʰ] may be palatalized before certain finals as [tɕ] and [tɕʰ], though these are not represented in writing.
²Characters such as 石, pronounced /ʂʐ/ in Northern Mandarin, would be conventionally pronounced as /ʃɛːk/ (xek).
²The traditional Mandarin [ɕ], as in 心 (/ɕin/), is vocalized as [ʃ] by the vast majority of speakers. While x was initially supposed to purely represent the [ʂ] phoneme, many speakers in southern China pronounce it as [ʃ]. Dialectal speakers of Cantonese may completely substitute [ʃ] with the phoneme [s].
³/r/ has been retained as a retroflex initial from Nanging Mandarin.
⁴Several casual speakers in Cantonese-majority areas merge the initial /n/ with /l/. Some speakers in southwestern China merge the initial /l/ into /n/ as well. However, this practice is officially discouraged, and formal speakers retain a clear distinction between /n/ and /l/.

Finals chart
OTL	IPA		Oral			Nasal			Checked¹
OTL	IPA		-²	-i	-u	-m	-n	-ng	-p	-t	-k, -ck
aa	[a]	aa³	aa 呀	aai 挨	aau 拗	aam 監	aan 晏	aang 罌	aap 鴨	aat 押	aak 客
a	[ɐ]	a		ai 矮	au 歐	am 痷	an 恩	ang 鶯	ap 急	at 不	ak 德
e	[ɛ~e]	e⁴	e 誒	ei 非	eu 掉	em 舐		eng 鏡	ep 夾		ek 尺
i	[i]	i	i 衣		iu 妖	im 淹	in 煙	ing 英	ip 葉	it 熱	ik 益
o	[ɔ~o]	o	o 柯	oi 哀	ou 奧		on 安	ong 康		ot 渴	ok 惡
u	[u~ʊ]	u⁵	u 烏	ui 煨			un 碗	ung 甕		ut 活	uk 屋
oe	[œ]	eu	eu 靴					eung 香			euk 約
eo	[ɵ]	eo		eoi 去			eon 春			eot 律
yu	[y]	j⁶	ju 於				jun 冤			jut 月
-						m 唔		ng 五

¹Checked tones may be pronounced as glottal stops [ʔ] and may be represented with apostrophes, particularly in northern China and the Gongnam region. However, checked tones are written regardless if they are pronounced or not in most formal settings.
²In finals without final stop codas, they may be followed by an h in writing. For example, o (柯) may be written as oh.
³When it is not necessary to use tone markers, aa is usually shortened to a, or a macron is added to indicate vowel length (ā). This is typical when transcribing place names or common personal names (such as Gongnan or Nanging).
⁴/e/ may be pronounced as [ə] or [ɤ] by some northern Chinese speakers.
⁵/u/ is also transcribed as oo and oe in accordance with Dutch orthography, particularly in Fukgin province and the Batavosphere.
⁶The digraph ju is also transcribed as joe. For example, the character 粵 (lit. Cantonese) is almost always transcribed as Joet.

Tones
Tone Numbers	Name	Tone markers
1	High flat	ā
2	Rising	á
3	Falling-rising	ǎ
4	Falling	à
5	Neutral	a

@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 * <sup>1</sup>[ts] and [tsʰ] may be palatalized before certain finals as [tɕ] and [tɕʰ], though these are not represented in writing.
 * <sup>2</sup>Characters such as 石, pronounced /ʂʐ/ in Northern Mandarin, would be conventionally pronounced as /ʃɛːk/ (''xek'').
-* <sup>2</sup>While ''x'' was initially supposed to purely represent the [ʂ] phoneme, many speakers in southern China pronounce it as [ʃ].
+* <sup>2</sup>The traditional Mandarin [ɕ], as in 心 (/ɕin/), is vocalized as [ʃ] by the vast majority of speakers. While ''x'' was initially supposed to purely represent the [ʂ] phoneme, many speakers in southern China pronounce it as [ʃ]. Dialectal speakers of Cantonese may completely substitute [ʃ] with the phoneme [s].
-* <sup>2</sup>The traditional Mandarin [ɕ], as in 心 (/ɕin/), is vocalized as [ʃ] by the vast majority of speakers. Dialectal speakers of Cantonese may completely substitute [ʃ] with the phoneme [s].
 * <sup>3</sup>/r/ has been retained as a retroflex initial from Nanging Mandarin.
 * <sup>4</sup>Several casual speakers in Cantonese-majority areas merge the initial /n/ with /l/. Some speakers in southwestern China merge the initial /l/ into /n/ as well. However, this practice is officially discouraged, and formal speakers retain a clear distinction between /n/ and /l/.