Talk:List of languages
Ioruba orthography
| Consonants | |
|---|---|
| IPA | Letter |
| b | b |
| d | d |
| d͡ʒ | j |
| f | f |
| g | g |
| ɡ͡b | q |
| h | h |
| j | i |
| k | k |
| k͡p | p |
| l | l |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| r | r |
| s | s |
| ʃ | x |
| t | t |
| w | u |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Letter | Nasalized |
| a | a | an |
| e | e | |
| ɛ | en | |
| i | i | in |
| o | o | |
| ɔ | ô | on |
| u | u | un |
| Tones | ||
| ◌́ | é | én |
| ◌̄ | e | en |
| ◌̀ | è | èn |
Kongo language section
Kikongo dialects
The
Orthography
The present Mputu orthography system for Kikongo was created in the 1920s, inspired by a mass movement in African nations (particularly Manden) to reform their Latin orthographies. It was officially recognized by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1939 and became official in 1957.
| IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | m | n | n | ŋ | ng |
| ᵐp | mp | ⁿt | ṭ | ᵑk | nq, nk, nc |
| ᵐb | mb | ⁿd | ḍ | k | q, k, c |
| p | p | t | t | g | g |
| b | b | d | d | j | y, i |
| ᶬf | mf | ⁿs | ṣ | i | i |
| ᶬv | mv | ⁿz | ẓ | u | u |
| f | f | s | s | e | e |
| v | v | z | z, s | o | o |
| w | u | l | l | a | a |
- In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is often transcribed as bu'i with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as bui, without one.
- /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as o, as in Oembo (/wembo/).
- In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as bh.
- In Portuguese and Spanish sources, k may be spelled qu, reflecting old Castilian orthography.
| Vocabularium Congense (1652) | Mputu | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| lúfunzulú lua iúma ia úqúissi | lufunzulu lua yuma ya ukisi | 'tarnishing of the thing of sacredness' |