Talk:List of languages: Difference between revisions

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== Kikongo orthography ==
== Kongo language section ==

==== Kikongo dialects ====
The

==== Orthography ====
The present Mputu orthography system for Kikongo was created in the 1920s, inspired by a mass movement in African nations (particularly [[Manden]]) to reform their Latin orthographies. It was officially recognized by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1939 and became official in 1957.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!IPA
!IPA
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|ṭ
|ṭ
!ᵑk
!ᵑk
|nc
|nq, nk, nc
|-
|-
!ᵐb
!ᵐb
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* In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is transcribed as ''bu'i'' with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as ''bui'', without one.
* In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is often transcribed as ''bu'i'' with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as ''bui'', without one.
* /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as ''o'', as in Oembo (/wembo/).
* /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as ''o'', as in Oembo (/wembo/).
* In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as ''bh''.
* In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as ''bh''.
* In Portuguese and Spanish sources, ''k'' may be spelled ''qu'', reflecting old Castilian orthography.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of Capuchin (1652) and Mputu (1957) orthographies
!''Vocabularium Congense'' (1652)
!Mputu
!Translation
|-
|''lúfunzulú lua iúma ia úqúissi''
|''lufunzulu lua yuma ya ukisi''
|'tarnishing of the thing of sacredness'
|}

==== Sources ====

* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695462/
* https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf
* [http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(IRCB)_T.II,1_LAMAN%20K.-E._Dictionaire%20Kikongo-Fran%C3%A7ais%20_1936.pdf French Kikongo dictionary]
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/African/Niger-Congo/Bantu/Kikongo%3B%20Gram%C3%A1tica%20da%20l%C3%ADngua%20do%20Congo%20%28Tavares%29%20%281915%29.pdf Portuguese Kisolongo dictionary]

Revision as of 04:00, 30 July 2022

Ioruba orthography

Consonants
IPA Letter
b b
d d
d͡ʒ j
f f
g g
ɡ͡b q
h h
j i
k k
k͡p p
l l
m m
n n
r r
s s
ʃ x
t t
w u
Vowels
IPA Letter Nasalized
a a an
e e
ɛ en
i i in
o o
ɔ ô on
u u un
Tones
◌́ é én
◌̄ e en
◌̀ è èn

Kongo language section

Kikongo dialects

The

Orthography

The present Mputu orthography system for Kikongo was created in the 1920s, inspired by a mass movement in African nations (particularly Manden) to reform their Latin orthographies. It was officially recognized by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1939 and became official in 1957.

IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter
m m n n ŋ ng
ᵐp mp ⁿt ṭ ᵑk nq, nk, nc
ᵐb mb ⁿd ḍ k q, k, c
p p t t g g
b b d d j y, i
ᶬf mf ⁿs ṣ i i
ᶬv mv ⁿz ẓ u u
f f s s e e
v v z z, s o o
w u l l a a
  • In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is often transcribed as bu'i with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as bui, without one.
  • /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as o, as in Oembo (/wembo/).
  • In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as bh.
  • In Portuguese and Spanish sources, k may be spelled qu, reflecting old Castilian orthography.
Comparison of Capuchin (1652) and Mputu (1957) orthographies
Vocabularium Congense (1652) Mputu Translation
lúfunzulú lua iúma ia úqúissi lufunzulu lua yuma ya ukisi 'tarnishing of the thing of sacredness'

Sources

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