Amerikaens: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language|region=Northern America|familycolor=orange|fontcolor=black|name=Amerikaens|ethnicity=[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|ancestor=
'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans'') is a West Germanic language spoken over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanning [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[South Tussenland]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexico]] and [[Opdamsland]]. It evolved from Hollandic, Zeelandic, and West Flemish dialects spoken by Dutch settlers in northern America, an example of which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch Pavonia Dutch]. The language developed a distinct identity during the 18th century and is the youngest of the Germanic languages, along with [[Afrikaans]], spoken in southern Africa.
Today, the language is currently spoken over significant portions of
== History ==
== Geographic distribution ==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
!
!
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Dorsal
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
|
|ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless
|p
|t
|tʃ
|k
|
|-
!voiced
|b
|d<ref>/d/ is devoiced at the ends of words as /t/.</ref>
|
|g<ref>/g/ is an allophone of [χ] and is also used in loanwords.</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|s
|ʃ
| χ<ref>Merger of /ɣ/ and /x/. Before /j/, it can be fronted to /ç/.</ref>
|h
|-
!voiced<ref>Voiced fricatives are generally devoiced by the majority of Amerikaens speakers.</ref>
|v
|z
|ʒ
|
|ɦ
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| w<ref>Due to influence from French and English, the original Dutch /ʋ/ came to be realised as /w/.</ref>
|l
|
|j
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="3" |r<ref>[ʁ] and [ɾ] are allophones.</ref>
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
!
! colspan="3" |Front
! colspan="3" |Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
|-
!
! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" | <small>rounded</small>
|-
!
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
!Close
| i
|i:
|y:
|
|
|
|
|u:
|-
! Close-mid
|
|eː
|
|
|
|
|
| o:
|-
! Mid
|ɛ
|
|
|ə
| œ
|œ:
|ɔ
|ɔ:
|-
!Near-open
|æ
|æ:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Open
|(a)
|
|
|ʌ
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑ:
|-
!Diphthongs
| colspan="8" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu œu ɔu ɔi
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Graphemes of vowels
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!checked
! free
|-
|a
|/ɑ/, /ʌ/
|/ɑ:/
|-
|ae
|/ɑ/
|
|-
| e
|/ɛ/, /ə/
|/eː/, /ə/
|-
|o
|/ɔ/, /ʌ/
|/o:/
|-
|ö
| colspan="2" |/o:/
|-
|ai, aei
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
|-
|au(x), eau(x)
| colspan="2" |/o:/
|-
|auw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|-
|ie
| /i/, /ə/
|/i:/
|-
|î
| colspan="2" |/e:/
|-
|îuw, ieuw
| colspan="2" |/e:u/, /iu/
|-
|ey
| colspan="2" |/ɛi/
|-
|eu
| colspan="2" |/œ:/
|-
|oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|-
|ou. ouw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|-
| ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
|-
|ü
| colspan="2" |/u:/
|-
|uy, üy
| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/
|-
|ue
| colspan="2" |/y:/
|-
|uw
| colspan="2" |/yu/
|}
== Orthography ==
====
Amerikaens orthography. first recognized as distinct in the mid-18th century, preserves many forms found in early modern Dutch. In 1910, orthography was officially standardized for literary Amerikaens.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
|aa
|ae
|Amerik'''aa'''ns
|Amerik'''ae'''ns
|-
|ei
|ey
|Înh'''ey'''dt
|-
|ui
|uy
|Fr'''ui'''t
|Fr'''uy'''t
|-
|ij
|ÿ
|Vr'''ij'''heid
|Vr'''ÿ'''heydt
|-
|uu
|ue
|Absol'''uu'''t
|Absol'''ue'''t
|-
|ee
|î
|'''Ee'''nheid
|'''Î'''nheydt
|-
|oo
|ö
|V'''oo'''rland
|V'''ö'''rlandt
|-
|oe
|ü
|Daart'''oe'''
|Daert'''ü'''
|-
|m
|mm<ref>This does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.</ref>
|Ko'''m'''en
|Ko'''mm'''e
|-
|l
|ll
|Graa'''l'''
|Grae'''ll'''
|-
|k
|ck<ref><ck>, <nowiki><dt>, and <v> only occur at the end of syllables.</nowiki></ref>
|Boe'''k'''
|Boe'''ck'''
|-
|d
|dt
|Sta'''d'''
|Sta'''dt'''
|-
|f
|v
|Kal'''f'''
|Kal'''v'''
|}
== Grammar ==
Amerikaens grammar gradually shifted from Dutch from the late 17th century up until the mid-19th century.
* In every Amerikaens dialect, noun and adjective genders do not exist.
* The het/de distinction is not present in Amerikaens, with <de> being the sole definite article in the language.
* In Amerikaens, the deletion of the final consonant or final <e> of a syllable (the coda) is formalized. For example, ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' becomes ''tevrede'', and ''zeid<u>e</u>'' becomes ''zeyd''.
* Corruption of middle-word consonants are also common, such as ''-tie'' into ''-sie'' (''politie'' → ''polisie'').
==== Pronouns and verb conjugations ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|-
|I
Line 93 ⟶ 346:
|}
==== Tenses ====
In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|
|-
|'''Tense'''
Line 140 ⟶ 393:
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|
|-
|'''Tense'''
Line 184 ⟶ 437:
|}
==== Case system ====
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
!English
!French
|-
|De vriend van de man.
|Des mans vriendt.
|The man's friend.
|L'ami de l'homme.
|}
== Vocabulary ==
|