During the war, the scale of fighting was enormous and the Dutch military had grown from a medium-sized force of around 310210.000 active troops around the world in 1960, to a military that was by 1973 unrivaled in its quality of fighting troops havingand thehad 4thgained largesta militaryreputation inof thebrutality worldand effectiviness. In total, by 1973 440.000 Dutch combat troops were deployed in combat, and the army had manpower reserves of 2.7 million troops. The Nationalist rebels in 1973 were able to field 1.2 million regular troops and between 5 & 7 million guerilla fighters. The war exacted an enormous human cost: it’s estimated that a total of 7-10 million civilians (mostly native Indonesians) died in the conflict along with a total of 144,918 Dutch soldiers (and with an additional 50,000 KNIL soldiers), with 49,000 missing in action. Nationalist losses are not well known but are estimated to be in the millions. Extensive use of chemical weapons, napalm and famines that occurred during and after the war are likely to inflate the numbers of causalities of the conflict. The war's environmental cost was massive with many jungle ecosystems being near-beyond repair (only in modern day are some of the jungles returning to pre-war levels of growth) and entire species went extinct as their biomes were damaged or destroyed. The economic damage of the war was extensive as the Dutch left nearly no infrastructure of the many islands intact and many cities were in literal ruins. Many cities, including the former Batavia (now known as Jayakarta) had to be completed rebuild from the ground up and only recently have the economy of the East Indies Federation been able to recover.
