South Tussenland Creole: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language|boxsize=300px|name=<center>South Tussenland Creole|fam1=Dutch Creoles|state=[[South Tussenland]]|nation=[[South Tussenland]]}}
{{Infobox language|name=<center>South Tussenland Creole|nation=[[South Tussenland]]|fam1=Dutch-based creole languages|image=File:Painting of black woman writing.jpg|imagesize=300px|minority=[[Salvatia]]|imagecaption=[[Afia Beatriks de Waal]] (1847–1911), the founder of the first purpose-built Kriöl academy at Nieuw-Beverwÿck in 1889.}}


'''South Tussenland Creole''' (''Tal Sudisenda''; [[Amerikaens]]: ''Suydt-Tussenlandts kriöl''), also known as '''Kriöl''' and commonly referred to by its speakers as '''Sakoro''' ([[South Tussenland Creole#Phonology|[sakɔrɔ]]]), is a [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-based creole language spoken natively by 60–80% of [[South Tussenland]]'s population. It emerged as a distinct language {{circa|1700}} among African slaves of the Lower Mississippi region. Approximately from 1850–1920, Creole became a language of literature, the [[Zoekerism|Zoekerist faith]], and politics in independent South Tussenland. The early 20th century saw many speakers decreolize their speech in favor of the prestigious ''[[Amerikaens#Phonology|Juys Mondordt]]''. Today, Sakoro functions as the lower register in a diglossic situation with [[Amerikaens]], mainly being used as a spoken vernacular and the liturgical language of [[Zoekerism]].
'''South Tussenland Creole''' (''Tâl Saudasenda''; [[Amerikaens]]: ''Suydt-Tussenlandts kriöl''), commonly known as '''Kriöl''' or '''Sakoro''', is a [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-based creole language spoken natively by 60–80% of [[South Tussenland]]'s population. It emerged as a distinct language c. 1700 among African slaves of the Lower Mississippi region. The formation of a sovereign South Tussenland in 1855 brought about the literarization of the language; its 'golden age' is often considered to span roughly 1850 to 1920.


The early 20th century saw many speakers decreolize their speech in favor of the [[Taelkomisie]]-prescribed [[Amerikaens#Phonology|''Juys Mondordt'']]. Today, Sakoro functions as the lower register in a diglossic relationship with [[Amerikaens]], mainly being used as a spoken vernacular and the liturgical language of [[Zoekerism]]. Since 1918, it has been recognized as a minority language in [[Salvatia]], though only spoken by 3.2% of its population.
⚫
[[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Mexico|Spanish]], [[Accany|Akan]], [[Kongo|Kikongo]], and indigenous American languages such as Hoema are Sakoro's primary influences in vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. This composition and history gives it a striking resemblance to other creoles of the Caribbean region such as Berbice Dutch, Papiamento, and Saint-Dominguese.

⚫
The lexical, grammatical, and syntactical elements of Sakoro exhibit influences from Dutch, Spanish, Akan, Kikongo, as well as indigenous American languages such as Hoema. This linguistic composition and its historical trajectory bear resemblance to other creole languages found in the Caribbean region, such as Berbice Dutch, Papiamento, and Saint-Dominguese.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The word 'sakoro' came to be used in reference to the language from the beginning of the 19th century. Three theories on the word's origin, none widely accepted, circulate among the general public and the scholarly class:
The word ''sakoro'' came to be used in reference to the language from the beginning of the 19th century. Three theories on the word's origin, none widely accepted, circulate among the general public and the scholarly class:


* ''Shakulo'', a native Tsjatah word meaning 'bald cypress', a tree indigenous to [[South Tussenland]].
* ''Shakulo'', a native Tsjatah word meaning 'bald cypress', a tree indigenous to [[South Tussenland]].
* ''Sakōro'', the [[Accany|Akan]] word for foe-foe, a pounded dough staple foodstuff found in various forms throughout west and central Africa.
* ''Sakōro'', the [[Accany|Akan]] word for foe-foe, a pounded dough staple foodstuff found in various forms throughout west and central Africa.
* One of many Romance-language terms descending from the Latin term ''sacculus'' ('small sack' or 'wine sack').
* The Latin term ''sacculus'' ('small sack' or 'wine sack') via [[Spanish language|Spanish]].


== History and origins ==
== History and origins ==


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Coronal–palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}}
|p
|t
|
|k
|
|-
!{{abbr|v.|Voiced}}
|b
|d
|
|g
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|f
|s
|ʃ
|
|h
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|w
|l
|j
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="3" |r
|
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
| colspan="2" |i
|u
|-
!Close-mid
| colspan="2" |e
| rowspan="2" |o
|-
!Open-mid
| colspan="2" |ɛ
|-
!Open
| colspan="3" |ɑ
|}


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==

Latest revision as of 00:53, 20 March 2024

South Tussenland Creole
Afia Beatriks de Waal (1847–1911), the founder of the first purpose-built Kriöl academy at Nieuw-Beverwÿck in 1889.
Language family
Dutch-based creole languages
  • South Tussenland Creole
Official status
Official language in
South Tussenland
Recognised minority
language in

South Tussenland Creole (Tâl Saudasenda; Amerikaens: Suydt-Tussenlandts kriöl), commonly known as Kriöl or Sakoro, is a Dutch-based creole language spoken natively by 60–80% of South Tussenland's population. It emerged as a distinct language c. 1700 among African slaves of the Lower Mississippi region. The formation of a sovereign South Tussenland in 1855 brought about the literarization of the language; its 'golden age' is often considered to span roughly 1850 to 1920.

The early 20th century saw many speakers decreolize their speech in favor of the Taelkomisie-prescribed Juys Mondordt. Today, Sakoro functions as the lower register in a diglossic relationship with Amerikaens, mainly being used as a spoken vernacular and the liturgical language of Zoekerism. Since 1918, it has been recognized as a minority language in Salvatia, though only spoken by 3.2% of its population.

The lexical, grammatical, and syntactical elements of Sakoro exhibit influences from Dutch, Spanish, Akan, Kikongo, as well as indigenous American languages such as Hoema. This linguistic composition and its historical trajectory bear resemblance to other creole languages found in the Caribbean region, such as Berbice Dutch, Papiamento, and Saint-Dominguese.

Etymology

The word sakoro came to be used in reference to the language from the beginning of the 19th century. Three theories on the word's origin, none widely accepted, circulate among the general public and the scholarly class:

  • Shakulo, a native Tsjatah word meaning 'bald cypress', a tree indigenous to South Tussenland.
  • Sakōro, the Akan word for foe-foe, a pounded dough staple foodstuff found in various forms throughout west and central Africa.
  • The Latin term sacculus ('small sack' or 'wine sack') via Spanish.

History and origins

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Coronal–palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive vl. p t k
v. b d g
Fricative f s ʃ h
Affricate t͡ʃ
Liquid w l j
Rhotic r

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ
Open ɑ

Orthography

Grammar

See also

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