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New Netherland: Difference between revisions
Updated general NNL page's history section
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==History==
{{Main|History of New Netherland}}
==== Colonial era ====
Members of the United New Netherland Company established settlements around modern [[New Amsterdam]] in the early 17th century in order to participate in the North American fur trade until the company's dissolution in 1618. Three years later, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) was established and was soon followed by the appointment of [[Cornelius Jacobsen May]] as the first Director of New Netherland in 1624. In 1629, the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was established the longstanding [[Patroonship system|feudal patroonship system]] in an effort to organize the colonization of the area.
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Throughout the remainder of the 18th century, New Netherland was plagued with disputes between various patroons and the continuation of their exploitative practices. In 1786, radical Director [[Sibren van Heemskerck]] approved the Statute on the Rights of Patroons, stripping the patroons of much of their absolute autonomy and centralizing the state under the authority of the Director. In 1792, the Military Assimilation Ordinance was issued by Heemskerck's successor [[Eleazar Henrÿcksz]]. The Ordinance bought out the vast majority of private militias in the country and established a regular standing army at the behest of the Director while simultaneously increasing tax rates on patroonships.
==== Independence ====
The [[Augustine Wars]] triggered political tensions in New Netherland. In 1795, the Prince of Orange had ordered the various rulers of the Dutch Republic to accept British rule in order to avoid French annexation in a compilation of letters, later known as the Kew Letters. This event divided political loyalties in New Netherland; the Loyalists were repulsed by the Prince's order and remained faithful to the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, contrary to the Orangists, who had accepted the order and were willing to accept British occupation. Director Henrÿcksz was a staunch Orangist and had taken steps to invite British forces into the country, triggering the violent revolt of the Loyalist Particularists. In April 1796, military leader Claes van Beeke and members of the Council of Nine were arrested by the New Netherland government.
Relying on the support of the new French republic, the Loyalist forces led by [[Marÿn van der Beeke]] (who was declared leader of the country on 17 September 1796) repelled a British invasion from New England the same year. This conflict, known as the Autumn War, continued until 1798, when New Netherland's borders were finally secured. As stadtholder, van der Beeke enacted a new constitution in 1801. His successors, [[Isaac Kuyter]] and [[Hendrick I van Ackerhuys]], consolidated the power of the new government by abolishing slavery to protect peasantry in 1813, annexing the Hödenoshieoné in 1816, and issuing the Decree on Succession in 1835, making the stadtholdership a hereditary office.
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Over the new few decades, the country entered and lost the [[Canton War]], engaged in the Battle of Connecticut with [[New England]] in 1853, purchased the islands of [[Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire]] from the Netherlands in 1861, and established a second constitutional government in 1870 after the death of [[Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys]] and a failed coup d'état. Seven stadtholders served under the second Constitution, ending with the [[Meerenland|Meerenlander]] politician [[Jan Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau]]. The [[Dutch-Mexican War]] of the early 20th century eventually triggered the Revolution of 1903, resulting in the deposition of Gelüs-Clérisseau and the ratification of a democratic constitution in 1903 under the first raedpensionaris of New Netherland, [[Mees van Haerst]] of the immensely popular Unity Party.
==== Republican era ====
From 1905, New Netherland asserted its independence against the Netherlands in the Quasi-War, leading to the victory of the Progressive Party in the elections of 1911. After the outset of the [[European Economic Crisis]], the government of Maurits Thomas Hudson took action to support [[Spain]] against Floridian revolutionaries during the Everglades War of the 1920s. The country's involvement in the war, perceived as wasteful and unnecessary, led to the election of the Free Destiny Party in 1927, which advocated for the expansion of government and the reformation of the education system. In 1931, party member [[Jan Kaspar Knip]] was elected as raedpensionaris. Knip pioneered the Anti-Atlanticist ideology, advocating for the complete independence of American nations. New Netherland supported insurrections in the [[Virginia#Yorktown%20Landings%2C%20and%20the%20Conservative%20Coup%20(1934)|Virginian Coup of 1934]] and supported New England in its fight against British conscription policies.
During the [[Great War]], the nation was invited by dictatorial [[France]] to join the [[Factions of the Great War|Tripartite Coalition]] but had refused, unwilling to enter a war with [[Tussenland]]. Raedpensionaris Knip also actively supported the [[History of New England|independence of New England]] during the late 1930s. The Free Destiny continued to rule with the election of Abraham Boot in 1939. The Party was defined by their crackdown on organized criminal gangs known as ''simmorias''. In 1943, opposition parties formed the United Patriotic Front in response to Free Destiny's failures. Frank Zuylen came into power in 1943, promising to restrict immigration and adhere to an illiberal economic agenda. As a result of Zuylen's policies, the September 1946 Workers' Strike triggered the rapid fall of the Front
The Güman bloc rose to power in 1947 and replaced the United Patriotic Front government. Edgar Güman's term was characterized by strong labor laws. This period also saw the establishment of regional alliances, notably the [[Association of North American Nations]], emphasizing security and cooperation within the continent. Marieke Güman, succeeding her husband in 1955, reinforced social security systems and labor laws, winning public favor despite political opposition and corporate intrigue. However, the 1960s brought political realignments within the Güman bloc, leading to its eventual disintegration and the rise of the Zeyven Party, advocating for a stronger middle class and regional economic integration.
The subsequent Zeyven Party rule (1963-1971) under S.S. de Haese pivoted towards a consumer-centric economy and educational reforms, contributing to middle-class expansion and regional trade enhancements. However, the leadership of de Haese's successor, Cornelis Holowatie (1971-1974), faced contention due to his administration's perceived inadequate response to the 1973 global oil crisis, and culminated in the Zeyven Party's political decline.
== Government and Politics ==
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The Raedpensionaris has been the chief executive of the country since 1903, residing in the Unity Palace on Staten Island. Typically the leader of the largest party in the States-General, they are directly accountable to the legislature and may have their entire administration dismissed by the legislature. The term limit is two terms of four years each, for a total of eight years.
The Cabinet, headed by the executive, is the primary executive organ consisting of top-level government departments and ministries. Alongside the Cabinet, the Council of State (Amerikaens: ''Raed van State'') serves as an advisory body to the Raedpensionaris. Independent of both bodies, the Fiscael serves as the main attorney and legal advisor of the executive branch of government
==== Legislative ====
The States-General of New Netherland (''States-Generael'') is a bicameral legislature consisting of two distinct
==== Judiciary ====
The judicial system of New Netherland is divided into three tiers, originally based on the early courts of colonial New Netherland in the early 17th century under the Dutch West India Company.
==== <big>Administrative divisions</big> ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
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|-
!First-level
| colspan="2" |Provinces (''Provincies'')
|-
!Second-level
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===== <big>Provinces</big> =====
New Netherland consists of eight provinces. Every province has automatically relinquished legislative and judicial supremacy to the central government but maintains autonomy in the executive realm. The provincial stadtholder is considered the primary executive of the province and communicates directly with national authorities. Appointed by the Second Chamber of the States-General, they chair a fifteen-member executive council which is elected every three years through popular vote. Each province is also designated certain responsibilities by the Constitution of 1903, including urban planning, taxation, health policy, public services, specific cultural and linguistic policies, as well as the financial management of municipalities.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Cities
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!Hakaene
|HKE
|S'Hertogensveldt
|Nieuwesluys
|
| rowspan="10" |[[File:New_Netherland_Province_Map.png|frameless]]
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!Ieries
|IEE
|Ieires
|Hedel
|
|-
!Irokesenland
|IKL
| colspan="2" |Blümendael
|
|-
!Lange Eylandt
|LEL
|Sickete-Wachly
|Hîmested
|
|-
!North Oudeland
|NOL
|Wiltwÿck
|Wiltwÿck
|
|-
!South Oudeland
|SOL
|Nassou
|New Pavonia
|
|-
!New Anglia
|NAG
|Güdehöp (Hartford)
|New Haven
|1668
|-
!Swaenendael
|SND
|Swaenendael
|New Amstel
|
|-
!Aruba, Curaçao & Bonaire
|ACB
| colspan="2" |Willemstadt
|
|-
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== List of leaders ==
{{Main|List of leaders of New Netherland}}
== See also ==
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