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New Netherland: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Republic of New Netherland|largest_city=[[New Amsterdam]]|lower_house=
'''New Netherland''' ''(''[[Amerikaens]]'': Nieuw
== Etymology ==
The first use of the name 'New Netherland' to describe the country is generally attributed to Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May, who had used it on survey maps during the expeditions of 1611-1614. In Latin, the nation's name is usually rendered as ''Nova Belgica'' or less commonly, ''Nova Hollandia''. In the French language, ''Nouvelle Hollande'' has become the predominant term.
==History==
{{Main|History of New Netherland}}
==== Colonial era ====
Members of the United New Netherland Company established settlements around modern [[New Amsterdam]] in the early 17th century in order to participate in the North American fur trade until the company's dissolution in 1618. Three years later, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) was established and was soon followed by the appointment of [[Cornelius Jacobsen May]] as the first Director of New Netherland in 1624. In 1629, the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was established the longstanding [[Patroonship system|feudal patroonship system]] in an effort to organize the colonization of the area.
As the population of the colony grew, people became dissatisfied with the rule of the WIC. Director [[Willem Kieft]] began a war with the Lenape in 1643 against the wishes of the Council of Eight Men, a board of citizens and early form of representational democracy in New Netherland. As a consequence of the disarray in the colony, new director [[Peter Stuyvesant]] allowed the formation of the Council of Nine Men was established in 1647, led by lawyer and recent arrival [[Adriaen van der Donck]]. The Nine Men signed and submitted the ''Remonstrance of New Netherland and the occurrences there'' in 1649, advocating for the reform of the colony's management. Stuyvesant was intent on suppressing any call for change, leading to van der Donck arriving in the [[Netherlands]] in 1652 to personally champion his ideas. Four years later in 1656, the Municipal Charter was granted to New Netherland. Adriaen van der Donck replaced Stuyvesant as Director to the satisfaction of many colonists.
The province of New Netherland experienced exponential growth after the 1656 Charter. Land law reform, the arrival of more immigrants, the democratization of the government, and large changes to the justice system all occurred in quick succession over the following years. In talks with the [[Hödenoshieoné]], the [[Treaty of Perpetual Alliance (1658)|1658 Treaty of Perpetual Alliance]] was signed. The following year, the innovative paramilitary Komando system was established under the auspices of Paulus van der Grist in order to defend the colony against foreign encroachment.
The [[History of Europe#Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second Anglo-Dutch War]] broke out in 1665 against the Kingdom of England and their colonies in North America. After two years of battle, New Netherland emerged victorious, successfully annexing the English colonies of Maryland and Connecticut. The Treaty of Breda was signed by Director [[Jacob van Couwenhoven]] in 1667, ensuring the country's survival for centuries to come.
As the [[History of Europe#Great Silesian War: 1750–1755|Silesian War]] erupted in Europe in the mid 18th century, [[Prince Maurice's War]] erupted in the Americas. [[Hans Theodor Adams]], considered one of the greatest leaders of the country during the colonial period, was appointed Director in 1750. The conclusion of the war in 1755 guaranteed New Netherland's influence over the Hödenoshieoné Confederacy in the west, decisively preventing any French interference with the government's expansionist plans. The New Netherlander Komando paramilitaries gained valuable experience during this war and were remembered for the failed Siege of Mont Royal in the winter of 1752. Along with leading the country during the war, Director Adams compiled the ''[[Köpmanswetbück]]'' in 1762, the first legal code in New Netherland's history and the mother of [[Amerikaener]] commercial law.
Throughout the remainder of the 18th century, New Netherland was plagued with disputes between various patroons and the continuation of their exploitative practices. In 1786, radical Director [[Sibren van Heemskerck]] approved the Statute on the Rights of Patroons, stripping the patroons of much of their absolute autonomy and centralizing the state under the authority of the Director. In 1792, the Military Assimilation Ordinance was issued by Heemskerck's successor [[Eleazar Henrÿcksz]]. The Ordinance bought out the vast majority of private militias in the country and established a regular standing army at the behest of the Director while simultaneously increasing tax rates on patroonships.
====
The [[Augustine Wars]] triggered political tensions in New Netherland. In 1795, the Prince of Orange had ordered the various rulers of the Dutch Republic to accept British rule in order to avoid French annexation in a compilation of letters, later known as the Kew Letters. This event divided political loyalties in New Netherland; the Loyalists were repulsed by the Prince's order and remained faithful to the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, contrary to the Orangists, who had accepted the order and were willing to accept British occupation. Director Henrÿcksz was a staunch Orangist and had taken steps to invite British forces into the country, triggering the violent revolt of the Loyalist Particularists. In April 1796, military leader Claes van Beeke and members of the Council of Nine were arrested by the New Netherland government.
Relying on the support of the new French republic, the Loyalist forces led by [[Marÿn van der Beeke]] (who was declared leader of the country on 17 September 1796) repelled a British invasion from New England the same year. This conflict, known as the Autumn War, continued until 1798, when New Netherland's borders were finally secured. As stadtholder, van der Beeke enacted a new constitution in 1801. His successors, [[Isaac Kuyter]] and [[Hendrick I van Ackerhuys]], consolidated the power of the new government by abolishing slavery to protect peasantry in 1813, annexing the Hödenoshieoné in 1816, and issuing the Decree on Succession in 1835, making the stadtholdership a hereditary office.
Over the new few decades, the country entered and lost the [[Canton War]], engaged in the Battle of Connecticut with [[New England]] in 1853, purchased the islands of [[Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire]] from the Netherlands in 1861, and established a second constitutional government in 1870 after the death of [[Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys]] and a failed coup d'état. Seven stadtholders served under the second Constitution, ending with the [[Meerenland|Meerenlander]] politician [[Jan Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau]]. The [[Dutch-Mexican War]] of the early 20th century eventually triggered the Revolution of 1903, resulting in the deposition of Gelüs-Clérisseau and the ratification of a democratic constitution in 1903 under the first raedpensionaris of New Netherland, [[Mees van Haerst]] of the immensely popular Unity Party.
====
From 1905, New Netherland asserted its independence against the Netherlands in the Quasi-War, leading to the victory of the Progressive Party in the elections of 1911. After the outset of the [[European Economic Crisis]], the government of Maurits Thomas Hudson took action to support [[Spain]] against Floridian revolutionaries during the Everglades War of the 1920s. The country's involvement in the war, perceived as wasteful and unnecessary, led to the election of the Free Destiny Party in 1927, which advocated for the expansion of government and the reformation of the education system. In 1931, party member [[Jan Kaspar Knip]] was elected as raedpensionaris. Knip pioneered the Anti-Atlanticist ideology, advocating for the complete independence of American nations. New Netherland supported insurrections in the [[Virginia#Yorktown%20Landings%2C%20and%20the%20Conservative%20Coup%20(1934)|Virginian Coup of 1934]] and supported New England in its fight against British conscription policies.
During the [[Great War]], the nation was invited by dictatorial [[France]] to join the [[Factions of the Great War|Tripartite Coalition]] but had refused, unwilling to enter a war with [[Tussenland]]. Raedpensionaris Knip also actively supported the [[History of New England|independence of New England]] during the late 1930s. The Free Destiny continued to rule with the election of Abraham Boot in 1939. The Party was defined by their crackdown on organized criminal gangs known as ''simmorias''. In 1943, opposition parties formed the United Patriotic Front in response to Free Destiny's failures. Frank Zuylen came into power in 1943, promising to restrict immigration and adhere to an illiberal economic agenda. As a result of Zuylen's policies, the September 1946 Workers' Strike triggered the rapid fall of the Front.
The Güman bloc rose to power in 1947 and replaced the United Patriotic Front government. Edgar Güman's term was characterized by strong labor laws. This period also saw the establishment of regional alliances, notably the [[Association of North American Nations]], emphasizing security and cooperation within the continent. Marieke Güman, succeeding her husband in 1955, reinforced social security systems and labor laws, winning public favor despite political opposition and corporate intrigue. However, the 1960s brought political realignments within the Güman bloc, leading to its eventual disintegration and the rise of the Zeyven Party, advocating for a stronger middle class and regional economic integration.
The subsequent Zeyven Party rule (1963-1971) under S.S. de Haese pivoted towards a consumer-centric economy and educational reforms, contributing to middle-class expansion and regional trade enhancements. However, the leadership of de Haese's successor, Cornelis Holowatie (1971-1974), faced contention due to his administration's perceived inadequate response to the 1973 global oil crisis, and culminated in the Zeyven Party's political decline.
== Government and Politics ==
{{Infobox government|government_name=Government of New Netherland|nativename=Leyding van Nieuw Nederlandt|date=1795 </br> 1903|document_type=Constitution|document=Constitution of 1903|country=[[New Netherland]]|legislature=States-General|leader_type=Leader|leader_title=Raedpensionaris|main_body=Cabinet|court_name=Supreme court|headquarters=[[New Amsterdam]]|seat=[[New Amsterdam]]|members_in_assembly=190|government_form=Constitutional republic|image=New Netherland Coat of Arms.png|image_size=200px|court=High Council of New Netherland}}
{{Main|Law of New Netherland}}
New Netherland is a semi-decentralized unitary parliamentary republic comprising of eight provinces, a capital district, and an overseas territory. The head of government and the head of state are manifested in one person, the Raedspensionaris, who is accountable to the States-General. The state is subject to four supreme laws established in the early 20th century. the [[Republican Constitution (1903)|Constitution of 1903]], the ''[[Codex novus belgicus civilis]]'', the ''Köpmanswetbück'', and the Penal Laws of 1915.
==== Executive ====
The
The Cabinet, headed by the executive, is the primary executive organ consisting of top-level government departments and ministries. Alongside the Cabinet, the Council of State (Amerikaens: ''Raed van State'')
==== Legislative ====
The States-General of New Netherland (''States-Generael'') is a bicameral legislature consisting of two distinct bodies. The First Chamber (''Îrst Kamer'') consists of 40 members. Each province elects five members to this Chamber The Second Chamber (''Twîd Kamer''), also known as the House of Burghers, is a 150-seat body. They are elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency. The leader of the largest party is appointed as Chairman of the Second Chamber by the Raedpensionaris.
==== Judiciary ====
The judicial system of New Netherland is divided into three tiers, originally based on the early courts of colonial New Netherland in the early 17th century under the Dutch West India Company.
====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Urban
!Rural
|-
!First-level
| colspan="2" |Provinces (''Provincies'')
|-
!Second-level
| colspan="2" |Municipalities (''Hîrlÿkheyds'')
|-
!Third-level
|Boroughs (''Stadtsdêls'')
|Communes (''Dorps'')
|}
=====
New Netherland consists of eight provinces. Every province has automatically relinquished legislative and judicial supremacy to the central government but maintains autonomy in the executive realm. The provincial stadtholder is considered the primary executive of the province and communicates directly with national authorities. Appointed by the Second Chamber of the States-General, they chair a fifteen-member executive council which is elected every three years through popular vote. Each province is also designated certain responsibilities by the Constitution of 1903, including urban planning, taxation, health policy, public services, specific cultural and linguistic policies, as well as the financial management of municipalities.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Name
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!Hakaene
|HKE
|S'Hertogensveldt
|Nieuwesluys
|
| rowspan="10" |[[File:New_Netherland_Province_Map.png|frameless]]
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!Ieries
|IEE
|Ieires
|Hedel
|
|-
!Irokesenland
|IKL
| colspan="2" |Blümendael
|
|-
!Lange Eylandt
|LEL
|Sickete-Wachly
|Hîmested
|
|-
!North Oudeland
|NOL
|Wiltwÿck
|Wiltwÿck
|
|-
!South Oudeland
|SOL
|Nassou
|New Pavonia
|
|-
!New Anglia
|NAG
|Güdehöp (Hartford)
|New Haven
|1668
|-
!Swaenendael
|SND
|Swaenendael
|New Amstel
|
|-
!Aruba, Curaçao & Bonaire
|ACB
| colspan="2" |Willemstadt
|
|-
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|NAF
| colspan="2" |New Amsterdam
|1624
|}
==== Foreign relations ====
New Netherland maintains diplomatic relations with a significant number of countries. It is a founding member of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. The country is also one of the most influential countries in the [[Batavosphere]], often competing with the [[Netherlands]] in achieving cultural dominance.
==Military==
{{Infobox national military|name=Armed Forces of New Netherland|native_name=Nieuw-Nederlandse
Reserve: 1,3 million}}
The New Netherlands armed forces (Nieuw-Nederlandse Krÿgsmaegte ) are the military and paramilitary forces of NNL, under the Raad der defensie as supreme commander. They consist of the NNL Army (Landmag), NNL Navy (De Staatse Vloot, the NNL Air and Space Force (Lugmag), the national commando service (Kommando Dienst) which is the reserve, and the Military Police called the National Guard ( Nationale Garde), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of NNL. Together they are among the largest armed forces in the world and one of if not the strongest of America’s. In total including all branches and reserves, the krÿgsmaegte has a total of 1.3 million under its umbrella, 390.000 of them are on active duty (excluding the National Guard). The Krijgmagte is one of the largest civilian employers within NNL either directly or indirectly as it oversees a fast military-industrial complex employing some 700.000 people in one way or another.
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NNL has consistently developed its cybersecurity capabilities, which are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation of the world.
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture in New Netherland|l1 = Culture of New Netherland}}
Culture in New Netherland is primarily of Western, and more specifically, Dutch origin, but its influences include
== List of leaders ==
{{Main|List of leaders of New Netherland}}
== See also ==
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