Talk:List of languages: Difference between revisions
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== Kikongo == |
== Kikongo == |
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==== Languages ==== |
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Most Kongolese speak Kikongo, a continuum of closely related dialects. Within the Kingdom, most speak southern and eastern varieties of Kikongo, principally including the main dialects of Kisikongo, Kisolongo, Kizombo, and Kiṭandu. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Dialect/language |
!Dialect/language |
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|Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango |
|Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango |
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The official language of the Kongo is Kisikongo (colloquially known as Sansala), a Kikongo dialect spoken in Mpemba province. Kisikongo and its ancestor have functioned as the court language of the Kingdom since at least the 15th century. |
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===== <big>Orthography</big> ===== |
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The present Mputu orthography system for Kikongo was created in the 1920s, inspired by a mass movement in African nations (particularly [[Manden]]) to reform their Latin orthographies. It was recognized by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1939 and became official in 1957. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!IPA |
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!Letter |
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!IPA |
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!Letter |
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!IPA |
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!Letter |
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|- |
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!m |
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|m |
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!n |
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|n |
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!ŋ |
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|ng |
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|- |
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!ᵐp |
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|mp |
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!ⁿt |
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|ṭ |
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!ᵑk |
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|nq, nk, nc |
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|- |
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!ᵐb |
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|mb |
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!ⁿd |
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|ḍ |
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!k |
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|q, k, c |
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|- |
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!p |
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|p |
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!t |
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|t |
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!g |
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|g |
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|- |
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!b |
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|b |
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!d |
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|d |
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!j |
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|y, i |
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|- |
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!ᶬf |
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|mf |
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!ⁿs |
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|ṣ |
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!i |
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|i |
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|- |
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!ᶬv |
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|mv |
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!ⁿz |
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|ẓ |
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!u |
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|u |
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|- |
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!f |
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|f |
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!s |
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|s |
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!e |
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|e |
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|- |
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!v |
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|v |
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!z |
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|z, s |
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!o |
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|o |
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|- |
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!w |
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|u |
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!l |
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|l |
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!a |
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|a |
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* In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is often transcribed as ''bu'i'' with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as ''bui'', without one. |
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* /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as ''o'', as in Oembo (/wembo/). |
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* In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as ''bh''. |
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* In eastern Kikongo dialects, ''v'' is often pronounced as /ɣ/. |
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* In Portuguese and Spanish sources, ''k'' may be spelled ''qu'', reflecting old Castilian orthography. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Comparison of Capuchin (1652) and Mputu (1957) orthographies |
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!''Vocabularium Congense'' (1652) |
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!Mputu |
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!Translation |
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|- |
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|''lúfunzulú lua iúma ia úqúissi'' |
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|''lufunzulu lua yuma ya ukisi'' |
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|'tarnishing of the thing of sacredness' |
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==== Sources ==== |
==== Sources ==== |
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Revision as of 17:17, 30 July 2022
Ioruba orthography
| Consonants | |
|---|---|
| IPA | Letter |
| b | b |
| d | d |
| d͡ʒ | j |
| f | f |
| g | g |
| ɡ͡b | q |
| h | h |
| j | i |
| k | k |
| k͡p | p |
| l | l |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| r | r |
| s | s |
| ʃ | x |
| t | t |
| w | u |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Letter | Nasalized |
| a | a | an |
| e | e | |
| ɛ | en | |
| i | i | in |
| o | o | |
| ɔ | ô | on |
| u | u | un |
| Tones | ||
| ◌́ | é | én |
| ◌̄ | e | en |
| ◌̀ | è | èn |
Kikongo
| Dialect/language | Classification | Geographic reach |
|---|---|---|
| Kisikongo | Southern Kikongo | West of the Inkisi river and in metropolitan areas |
| Kisolongo | Soyo province and northern Mbamba | |
| Kizombo | East of the Inkisi river | |
| Kiṭandu | Eastern Kikongo | Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango |
