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== Kikongo ==
== Kikongo ==

==== Languages ====
Most Kongolese speak Kikongo, a continuum of closely related dialects. Within the Kingdom, most speak southern and eastern varieties of Kikongo, principally including the main dialects of Kisikongo, Kisolongo, Kizombo, and Kiṭandu.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Dialect/language
!Dialect/language
Line 132: Line 129:
|Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango
|Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango
|}
|}
==== Sources ====
The official language of the Kongo is Kisikongo (colloquially known as Sansala), a Kikongo dialect spoken in Mpemba province. Kisikongo and its ancestor have functioned as the court language of the Kingdom since at least the 15th century.


* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695462/
===== <big>Orthography</big> =====
* https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf
The present Mputu orthography system for Kikongo was created in the 1920s, inspired by a mass movement in African nations (particularly [[Manden]]) to reform their Latin orthographies. It was recognized by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1939 and became official in 1957.
* [http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(IRCB)_T.II,1_LAMAN%20K.-E._Dictionaire%20Kikongo-Fran%C3%A7ais%20_1936.pdf French Kikongo dictionary]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/African/Niger-Congo/Bantu/Kikongo%3B%20Gram%C3%A1tica%20da%20l%C3%ADngua%20do%20Congo%20%28Tavares%29%20%281915%29.pdf Portuguese Kisolongo dictionary]
!IPA

!Letter
== Japanese ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Consonants
|-
!IPA
!IPA
!IOTL
!Letter
!Letter
!
!IPA
!IPA
!IOTL
!Letter
!Letter
|-
|-
|b
!m
|m
|b
!n
!b
|
|n
|n
|n
!ŋ
!n
|ng
|-
|-
|ɕ
!ᵐp
|mp
|sh
!sj, x
!ⁿt
|ṭ
|
|ɲ
!ᵑk
|nq, nk, nc
|n, ny
!nh, nj
|-
|-
|d
!ᵐb
|mb
|d
!d
!ⁿd
|ḍ
|
|ŋ
!k
|ng
|q, k, c
!ng
|-
|-
|dz
!p
|z
!z
|
|p
|p
|p
!t
!p
|t
|-
!g
|dʑ, ʑ
|j
!dj
|
|ɾ
|r
!r
|-
|ɸ
|f
!f
|
|s
|s
!s
|-
|g
|g
|g
!g
|
|t
|t
!t
|-
|-
|h
!b
|b
|h
!d
!h
|d
|
|tɕ
|ch, tch
!tsj, tx
|-
|j
|y
!j
!j
|
|y, i
|ts
|ts
!ç
|-
|-
|k
!ᶬf
|mf
|k
!c, qu
!ⁿs
|ṣ
|
|w
!i
|i
|w
!w
|-
|-
|m
!ᶬv
|mv
|m
!m
!ⁿz
|ẓ
|
|z
!u
|u
|z
!z
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Vowels
|-
|-
!f
!IPA
!IOTL
|f
!Letter
!s
!
|s
!e
!IPA
!IOTL
|e
!Letter
|-
|-
|a
!v
|v
|a
!z
!a
|
|z, s
!o
|o
|o
|o
!o
|-
|-
|e
!w
|e
!e
|
|ɯ
|u
|u
!u, oo
!l
|l
!a
|a
|}

* In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is often transcribed as ''bu'i'' with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as ''bui'', without one.
* /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as ''o'', as in Oembo (/wembo/).
* In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as ''bh''.
* In Portuguese and Spanish sources, ''k'' may be spelled ''qu'', reflecting old Castilian orthography.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of Capuchin (1652) and Mputu (1957) orthographies
!''Vocabularium Congense'' (1652)
!Mputu
!Translation
|-
|-
|i
|''lúfunzulú lua iúma ia úqúissi''
|i
|''lufunzulu lua yuma ya ukisi''
!i
|'tarnishing of the thing of sacredness'
|
|<big>ː</big>
|◌̄
!◌̄
|}
|}


==== Sources ====
==== Notes ====


* When used as particles, the following characters are romanized as follows; は (''wa''), へ (''je'' or ''e''), を (''o'').
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695462/
* When followed by a vowel or <j>, <n> (ん) is written with an apostrophe (').
* https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf
* The consonants <nowiki><b>, <g>, <m>, <p>, and <r> may be palatalized, meaning they are affixed with the /</nowiki><sup>j</sup>/ phenome, resulting in combinations like /bʲ/. For example, びょう may be romanized as ''biō'' ''(''IOTL ''byō'').
* [http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(IRCB)_T.II,1_LAMAN%20K.-E._Dictionaire%20Kikongo-Fran%C3%A7ais%20_1936.pdf French Kikongo dictionary]
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/African/Niger-Congo/Bantu/Kikongo%3B%20Gram%C3%A1tica%20da%20l%C3%ADngua%20do%20Congo%20%28Tavares%29%20%281915%29.pdf Portuguese Kisolongo dictionary]

Latest revision as of 02:40, 7 September 2022

Ioruba orthography

Consonants
IPA Letter
b b
d d
d͡ʒ j
f f
g g
ɡ͡b q
h h
j i
k k
k͡p p
l l
m m
n n
r r
s s
ʃ x
t t
w u
Vowels
IPA Letter Nasalized
a a an
e e
ɛ en
i i in
o o
ɔ ô on
u u un
Tones
◌́ é én
◌̄ e en
◌̀ è èn

Kikongo

Dialect/language Classification Geographic reach
Kisikongo Southern Kikongo West of the Inkisi river and in metropolitan areas
Kisolongo Soyo province and northern Mbamba
Kizombo East of the Inkisi river
Kiṭandu Eastern Kikongo Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango

Sources

Japanese

Consonants
IPA IOTL Letter IPA IOTL Letter
b b b n n n
ɕ sh sj, x ɲ n, ny nh, nj
d d d ŋ ng ng
dz z z p p p
dʑ, ʑ j dj ɾ r r
ɸ f f s s s
g g g t t t
h h h tɕ ch, tch tsj, tx
j y j ts ts ç
k k c, qu w w w
m m m z z z
Vowels
IPA IOTL Letter IPA IOTL Letter
a a a o o o
e e e ɯ u u, oo
i i i ː ◌̄ ◌̄

Notes

  • When used as particles, the following characters are romanized as follows; は (wa), へ (je or e), を (o).
  • When followed by a vowel or <j>, <n> (ん) is written with an apostrophe (').
  • The consonants <b>, <g>, <m>, <p>, and <r> may be palatalized, meaning they are affixed with the /j/ phenome, resulting in combinations like /bʲ/. For example, びょう may be romanized as biō (IOTL byō).
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