Talk:List of languages: Difference between revisions

→‎Japanese: Fixed some letters.
(→‎Japanese: Fixed some letters.)
 
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== Kikongo ==
 
==== Languages ====
Most Kongolese speak Kikongo, a continuum of closely related dialects. Within the Kingdom, most speak southern and eastern varieties of Kikongo, principally including the main dialects of Kisikongo, Kisolongo, Kizombo, and Kiṭandu.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dialect/language
Line 132 ⟶ 129:
|Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango
|}
==== Sources ====
The official language of the Kongo is Kisikongo (colloquially known as Sansala), a Kikongo dialect spoken in Mpemba province. Kisikongo and its ancestor have functioned as the court language of the Kingdom since at least the 15th century.
 
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695462/
===== <big>Orthography</big> =====
* https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf
The present Mputu orthography system for Kikongo was created in the 1920s, inspired by a mass movement in African nations (particularly [[Manden]]) to reform their Latin orthographies. It was recognized by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1939 and became official in 1957.
* [http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(IRCB)_T.II,1_LAMAN%20K.-E._Dictionaire%20Kikongo-Fran%C3%A7ais%20_1936.pdf French Kikongo dictionary]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/African/Niger-Congo/Bantu/Kikongo%3B%20Gram%C3%A1tica%20da%20l%C3%ADngua%20do%20Congo%20%28Tavares%29%20%281915%29.pdf Portuguese Kisolongo dictionary]
!IPA
 
!Letter
== Japanese ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Consonants
|-
!IPA
!IOTL
!Letter
!
!IPA
!IOTL
!Letter
|-
|b
!m
|mb
!nb
|
|n
|n
!n
|ng
|-
!ᵐp
|mpsh
!sj, x
!ⁿt
|
!ᵑk
|nqn, nk, ncny
!nh, nj
|-
|d
!ᵐb
|mbd
!d
!ⁿd
|
!k
|ng
|q, k, c
!ng
|-
|dz
!p
|z
!z
|
|p
|p
!t
!p
|t
|-
!g
|dʑ, ʑ
|j
!dj
|
|r
!r
|-
|f
!f
|
|s
|s
!s
|-
|g
|g
!g
|
|t
|t
!t
|-
|h
!b
|bh
!dh
|d
|tɕ
|ch, tch
!tsj, tx
|-
|j
|y
!j
|
|y, i
|ts
|ts
|-
|k
!ᶬf
|mfk
!c, qu
!ⁿs
|
|w
!i
|iw
!w
|-
|m
!ᶬv
|mvm
!m
!ⁿz
|
|z
!u
|uz
!z
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Vowels
|-
!fIPA
!IOTL
|f
!Letter
!s
!
|s
!eIPA
!IOTL
|e
!Letter
|-
|a
!v
|va
!za
|
|z, s
!o
|o
|o
!o
|-
|e
!w
|e
!e
|
|u
!u, oo
!l
|l
!a
|a
|}
 
* In order to clarify pronunciation, /buːi/ is often transcribed as ''bu'i'' with an apostrophe, while /bwi/ is transcribed as ''bui'', without one.
* /w/ at the start of a word followed by a vowel is transcribed as ''o'', as in Oembo (/wembo/).
* In the Kisolongo and Kizombo dialects, the sound /v/ is often pronounced /β/ and may be written as ''bh''.
* In eastern Kikongo dialects, ''v'' is often pronounced as /ɣ/.
* In Portuguese and Spanish sources, ''k'' may be spelled ''qu'', reflecting old Castilian orthography.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of Capuchin (1652) and Mputu (1957) orthographies
!''Vocabularium Congense'' (1652)
!Mputu
!Translation
|-
|i
|''lúfunzulú lua iúma ia úqúissi''
|i
|''lufunzulu lua yuma ya ukisi''
!i
|'tarnishing of the thing of sacredness'
|
|<big>ː</big>
|◌̄
!◌̄
|}
 
==== SourcesNotes ====
 
* When used as particles, the following characters are romanized as follows; は (''wa''), へ (''je'' or ''e''), を (''o'').
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695462/
* When followed by a vowel or <j>, <n> (ん) is written with an apostrophe (').
* https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf
* The consonants <nowiki><b>, <g>, <m>, <p>, and <r> may be palatalized, meaning they are affixed with the /</nowiki><sup>j</sup>/ phenome, resulting in combinations like /bʲ/. For example, びょう may be romanized as ''biō'' ''(''IOTL ''byō'').
* [http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(IRCB)_T.II,1_LAMAN%20K.-E._Dictionaire%20Kikongo-Fran%C3%A7ais%20_1936.pdf French Kikongo dictionary]
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/African/Niger-Congo/Bantu/Kikongo%3B%20Gram%C3%A1tica%20da%20l%C3%ADngua%20do%20Congo%20%28Tavares%29%20%281915%29.pdf Portuguese Kisolongo dictionary]
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