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== Kikongo orthography ==
== Kikongo ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Dialect/language
!IPA
!Classification
!Letter
!Geographic reach
|-
!Kisikongo
| rowspan="3" |Southern Kikongo
|West of the Inkisi river and in metropolitan areas
|-
!Kisolongo
|Soyo province and northern Mbamba
|-
!Kizombo
|East of the Inkisi river
|-
!Kiṭandu
|Eastern Kikongo
|Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango
|}
==== Sources ====

* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695462/
* https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf
* [http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(IRCB)_T.II,1_LAMAN%20K.-E._Dictionaire%20Kikongo-Fran%C3%A7ais%20_1936.pdf French Kikongo dictionary]
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/African/Niger-Congo/Bantu/Kikongo%3B%20Gram%C3%A1tica%20da%20l%C3%ADngua%20do%20Congo%20%28Tavares%29%20%281915%29.pdf Portuguese Kisolongo dictionary]

== Japanese ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Consonants
|-
!IPA
!IPA
!IOTL
!Letter
!Letter
!
!IPA
!IPA
!IOTL
!Letter
!Letter
|-
|-
|b
!m
|m
|b
!n
!b
|
|n
|n
|n
!ŋ
!n
|ng
|-
|-
|ɕ
!ᵐp
|mp
|sh
!sj, x
!ⁿt
|ṭ
|
|ɲ
!ᵑk
|n, ny
|nk
!nh, nj
|-
|-
|d
!ᵐb
|mb
|d
!d
!ⁿd
|ḍ
|
|ŋ
!k
|ng
|q-, k, c
!ng
|-
|-
|dz
!p
|z
!z
|
|p
|p
|p
!t
!p
|t
|-
!g
|dʑ, ʑ
|j
!dj
|
|ɾ
|r
!r
|-
|ɸ
|f
!f
|
|s
|s
!s
|-
|g
|g
|g
!g
|
|t
|t
!t
|-
|-
|h
!b
|b
|h
!d
!h
|d
|
|tɕ
|ch, tch
!tsj, tx
|-
|j
|y
!j
!j
|
|i, y
|ts
|ts
!ç
|-
|-
|k
!ᶬf
|mf
|k
!c, qu
!ⁿs
|ṣ
|
|w
!i
|w
|i, -e
!w
|-
|-
|m
!ᶬv
|mv
|m
!m
!ⁿz
|ẓ
|
|z
!u
|u
|z
!z
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Vowels
|-
|-
!f
!IPA
!IOTL
|f
!Letter
!s
!
|s
!e
!IPA
!IOTL
|e
!Letter
|-
|-
|a
!v
|v
|a
!z
!a
|
|z, -x-, -s
!o
|o
|o
|o
!o
|-
|-
|e
!w
|e
|w, u
!l
!e
|l
|
|ɯ
!a
|a
|u
!u, oo
|-
|i
|i
!i
|
|<big>ː</big>
|◌̄
!◌̄
|}
|}

==== Notes ====

* When used as particles, the following characters are romanized as follows; は (''wa''), へ (''je'' or ''e''), を (''o'').
* When followed by a vowel or <j>, <n> (ん) is written with an apostrophe (').
* The consonants <nowiki><b>, <g>, <m>, <p>, and <r> may be palatalized, meaning they are affixed with the /</nowiki><sup>j</sup>/ phenome, resulting in combinations like /bʲ/. For example, びょう may be romanized as ''biō'' ''(''IOTL ''byō'').

Latest revision as of 02:40, 7 September 2022

Ioruba orthography

Consonants
IPA Letter
b b
d d
d͡ʒ j
f f
g g
ɡ͡b q
h h
j i
k k
k͡p p
l l
m m
n n
r r
s s
ʃ x
t t
w u
Vowels
IPA Letter Nasalized
a a an
e e
ɛ en
i i in
o o
ɔ ô on
u u un
Tones
◌́ é én
◌̄ e en
◌̀ è èn

Kikongo

Dialect/language Classification Geographic reach
Kisikongo Southern Kikongo West of the Inkisi river and in metropolitan areas
Kisolongo Soyo province and northern Mbamba
Kizombo East of the Inkisi river
Kiṭandu Eastern Kikongo Eastern Ṣundi, Mpundu, and Ocango

Sources

Japanese

Consonants
IPA IOTL Letter IPA IOTL Letter
b b b n n n
ɕ sh sj, x ɲ n, ny nh, nj
d d d ŋ ng ng
dz z z p p p
dʑ, ʑ j dj ɾ r r
ɸ f f s s s
g g g t t t
h h h tɕ ch, tch tsj, tx
j y j ts ts ç
k k c, qu w w w
m m m z z z
Vowels
IPA IOTL Letter IPA IOTL Letter
a a a o o o
e e e ɯ u u, oo
i i i ː ◌̄ ◌̄

Notes

  • When used as particles, the following characters are romanized as follows; は (wa), へ (je or e), を (o).
  • When followed by a vowel or <j>, <n> (ん) is written with an apostrophe (').
  • The consonants <b>, <g>, <m>, <p>, and <r> may be palatalized, meaning they are affixed with the /j/ phenome, resulting in combinations like /bʲ/. For example, びょう may be romanized as biō (IOTL byō).
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