Talk:Kongo: Difference between revisions
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* [https://books.google.ie/books?id=4KVYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=kibangu+kongo&source=bl&ots=MvpRHgvg3O&sig=ACfU3U16vUH5h4p_5yarmETbhX_RLlwYaA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2sJHksaH5AhUMgFwKHa5FAyYQ6AF6BAgUEAM#v=onepage&q=kibangu%20kongo&f=false Wene wa Kongo Google Books (timeline)]
* [https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/56724/Bostoen_On_2013.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Kongo royal titles]
* [http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lukacs/CONGO.htm List of OTL Kongo rulers]
* [https://assets.cambridge.org/97811071/27159/frontmatter/9781107127159_frontmatter.pdf Series of maps 1550-1850]
* [https://books.google.ie/books?id=Adj9j5IXIgAC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Mbanza+Nkondo&source=bl&ots=UNTiP_RByk&sig=ACfU3U2SZmjyoqHIvefzkuqHyDnam8Jnzw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6v8GI_KH5AhV3QkEAHaGoBmEQ6AF6BAgQEAM#v=onepage&q=Mbanza%20Nkondo&f=false The Kongolese Saint Anthony]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=RF5IAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Kiyombe dictionary (Google Books)]
* [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586729/file/8586730.pdf 17th century vs modern Kikongo]
* [https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9951/Mobley_duke_0066D_12933.pdf The Kongolese Atlantic (Kiyombe info)]
* [https://www.abibitumi.com/wp-content/uploads/ppMigration/42532%3D1810-Grammar.pdf KIKONGO GRAMMAR]
* [https://www.abibitumi.com/community/kikongo-language-resources/dictionnaire-lexique-kikongo-francais/ French-Kikongo dictionary]
* City of Banza Quibaxe (Mbanza Kibaze): search ''A estação arqueológica da antiga Banza Quibaxe: Dembos - Angola'' (Portuguese source)
* [https://journals.openedition.org/cea/2225 Empire, Patriotism, and Revolt in Kongo] (Portuguese source)
* [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9841842.pdf Loango coast history (Equatoria region)]
* [https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3413/power%20cloth%20and%20currency.pdf;sequence=1 Cloth currency in Loango]
* [https://books.google.ie/books?id=ylRVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=nkanga+kongo&source=bl&ots=hDES2Zjl79&sig=ACfU3U1FLIrOpGtv21YDD4nSPO5FGfczkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEzqj8mq_5AhWqQUEAHfvSBIoQ6AF6BAgWEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Power and Majesty (Kongo and Equatoria source, Google Books)]
* [https://books.google.ie/books?id=u8auCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=kivuzi+kongo&source=bl&ots=ViHNFnvaxC&sig=ACfU3U22_U1s_77pg9rqsjxMDkeWujbgZg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi765nXmq_5AhXRN8AKHcabBP4Q6AF6BAgfEAM#v=onepage&q=kivuzi%20kongo&f=false Kongo 19th century to 1914]
* [https://africankingdoms.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2020/06/02b_Origins-of-Kongo-Oral-Tradition.pdf Origin and early history of Kongo]
* [https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1982_num_22_87_3380 Kongo social formation]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161582 Vili and Yombe beliefs]
= History =
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== Premodern history ==
== Early 17th century
In the early 17th century, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] policy in central Africa became one of conquest. They often collaborated with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbangala Imbangala] marauders in order to weaken their opponents, notably the kingdoms of Kongo, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo Ḍongo], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Matamba Matamba]. The [[Netherlands]] often sided with the indigenous kingdoms against the Portuguese, though their intentions were questionable and their material support was generally insignificant.
==== Dynastic change in Kongo ====
In 1622, Alvaro III of the House of Cuilu died heirless. The Imperial Council elected the Duke of Mbamba, a member of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinkanga House of Kinkanga], to the throne as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Kongo Peter II]. A Portuguese-Imbangala army invaded Kongo the same year, sparking the Battle of Mbumbi. King Peter II mobilized an army to counterattack while corresponding with [[Catholic Church|the Vatican]], [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], and [[Spain]]. Kongolese forces sustained heavy losses, with cannibalism and anti-Portuguese riots being widespread.
In 1641, [[Netherlands|the Dutch]], allied to factions within Kongo and Ḍongo, occupied the Portuguese city of Luanda. Seven years later, Portuguese reinforcements arrived from Brazil, recapturing Luanda and expelling the Dutch.
==== Queen Ẓinga's War ====
As the Portuguese and their Imbangala allies encroached, Ḍongo, Kongo's southern neighbor, faced collapse. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzinga_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba Ẓinga became Queen] in 1624 after her brother, King Mbandi, committed suicide. In 1631, she attacked the eastern Kingdom of Matamba, deposing their queen and joining the two kingdoms in a personal union. In the 1647 Battle of Kombi, her forces crushed the Portuguese army, forcing them to fall back. Queen Ẓinga signed a peace treaty with Portugal in 1657. She passed away in 1663, succeeded by her sister [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_Matamba Queen Barbara].
Ḍongo would eventually capitulate in 1671, when the forces of claimant king Felipe I, ruler of Hari and Pungo Ḍongo, were defeated. Matamba would face numerous internal conflicts, but would be ruled by the descendants of Queen Ẓinga nonetheless until the late 18th century, when the kingdom would submit to the Portuguese.
== Late 17th century (1656-1704) ==
== Soyo ascendancy (1704-1751) ==
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