Standard Chinese

Mandarin (Chinese: 華語), also known as Standard Chinese, is a standardized form of Chinese.

Phonology

Consonants/initials

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatals	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m [m] 摸	n [n] 挪		ng [ŋ] 我
Stop	plain	b [p] 波	d [t] 多		g [k] 哥	[ʔ] 亞
	aspirated	p [pʰ] 婆	t [tʰ] 拖		k [kʰ] 卡
Affricative	plain		z [ts] 知
	aspirated		c [tsʰ] 雌
Fricative		f [f] 科	s [s] 思	[ʃ] 書		h [h] 何
Approximant			l [l] 羅	j [j] 也	w [w] 華

Vowels/finals

IPA		Oral					Nasal
		-	-a	-e	-i	-u	-m	-n	-ng
[a]	a	a 呀			ai 矮	au 歐	am 痷	an 恩	ang 鶯
[ɛ~e]	e	e 誒			ei 非		em 舐		eng 鏡
[i]	i	i 衣	ia	ie		iu 妖	im 淹	in 煙	ing 英
[ɔ~o]	o	o 柯			oi 哀	ou 奧		on 安	ong 康
[u~ʊ]	u	u 烏	ua		ui 煨			un 碗	ung 甕
[œ]	eu	eu 靴						eun 順	eung 香
[y]	iu	iu 於						iun 冤

Finals of Northern Mandarin

Several finals that exist in Northern Mandarin dialects do not exist in Standard Mandarin. They are instead substituted with other finals in order to read certain characters.

	Original final	Replacement
喬	iao	iu
僉	ian	im
彊	iang	eung
匔	iong	ung, eng
鎈	uo	o, iu
膗	uai	oi, ai, a
汆	uan	iun
刅	uang	ong
傳	üan	eung