Standard Chinese: Difference between revisions
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'''Mandarin''' (Chinese: 華語 |
'''Mandarin''' (Chinese: 華語), also known as '''Standard Chinese''', is a standardized form of Chinese. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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== Geographic distribution == |
== Geographic distribution == |
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== Varieties == |
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== Phonology == |
== Phonology == |
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==== Consonants/initials ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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!Labial |
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!Alveolar |
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!Palatals |
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!Velar |
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!Glottal |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Nasal |
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|m [m] 摸 |
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|n [n] 挪 |
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|ng [ŋ] 我 |
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! rowspan="2" |Stop |
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!<small>plain</small> |
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|b [p] 波 |
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|d [t] 多 |
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|g [k] 哥 |
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|[ʔ] 亞 |
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|- |
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!<small>aspirated</small> |
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|p [pʰ] 婆 |
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|t [tʰ] 拖 |
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|k [kʰ] 卡 |
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! rowspan="2" |Affricative |
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!<small>plain</small> |
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|z [ts] 知 |
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!<small>aspirated</small> |
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|c [tsʰ] 雌 |
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! colspan="2" |Fricative |
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|f [f] 科 |
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|s [s] 思 |
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|[ʃ] 書 |
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|h [h] 何 |
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! colspan="2" |Approximant |
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|l [l] 羅 |
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|j [j] 也 |
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|w [w] 華 |
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==== Vowels/finals ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! rowspan="2" |IPA |
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! rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="5" |Oral |
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! colspan="3" |Nasal |
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!- |
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!-a |
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!-e |
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!-i |
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!-u |
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!-m |
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!-n |
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!-ng |
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|- |
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|[a] |
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!a |
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|a 呀 |
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|ai 矮 |
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|au 歐 |
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|am 痷 |
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|an 恩 |
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|ang 鶯 |
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|- |
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|[ɛ~e] |
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!e |
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|e 誒 |
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|ei 非 |
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|em 舐 |
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|eng 鏡 |
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|[i] |
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!i |
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|i 衣 |
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|ia |
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|ie |
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|iu 妖 |
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|im 淹 |
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|in 煙 |
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|ing 英 |
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|[ɔ~o] |
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!o |
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|o 柯 |
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|oi 哀 |
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|ou 奧 |
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|on 安 |
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|ong 康 |
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|[u~ʊ] |
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!u |
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|u 烏 |
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|ua |
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|ui 煨 |
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|un 碗 |
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|ung 甕 |
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|[œ] |
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!'''eu''' |
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|eu 靴 |
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|eun 順 |
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|eung 香 |
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|[y] |
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!'''iu''' |
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|iu 於 |
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|iun 冤 |
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==== Finals of Northern Mandarin ==== |
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== Vocabulary == |
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Several finals that exist in Northern Mandarin dialects do not exist in Standard Mandarin. They are instead substituted with other finals in order to read certain characters. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! |
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!Original final |
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!Replacement |
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|喬 |
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|iao |
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|iu |
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|- |
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|僉 |
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|ian |
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|im |
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|- |
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|彊 |
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|iang |
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|eung |
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|匔 |
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|iong |
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|ung, eng |
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|鎈 |
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|uo |
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|o, iu |
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|膗 |
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|uai |
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|oi, ai, a |
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|汆 |
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|uan |
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|iun |
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|刅 |
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|uang |
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|ong |
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|傳 |
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|üan |
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|eung |
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== |
== Romanisation == |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[China]] |
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* [[Qing]] |
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Revision as of 22:45, 18 November 2022
Mandarin (Chinese: 華語), also known as Standard Chinese, is a standardized form of Chinese.
History
Geographic distribution
Phonology
Consonants/initials
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatals | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m] 摸 | n [n] 挪 | ng [ŋ] 我 | |||
| Stop | plain | b [p] 波 | d [t] 多 | g [k] 哥 | [ʔ] 亞 | |
| aspirated | p [pʰ] 婆 | t [tʰ] 拖 | k [kʰ] 卡 | |||
| Affricative | plain | z [ts] 知 | ||||
| aspirated | c [tsʰ] 雌 | |||||
| Fricative | f [f] 科 | s [s] 思 | [ʃ] 書 | h [h] 何 | ||
| Approximant | l [l] 羅 | j [j] 也 | w [w] 華 | |||
Vowels/finals
| IPA | Oral | Nasal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | -a | -e | -i | -u | -m | -n | -ng | ||
| [a] | a | a 呀 | ai 矮 | au 歐 | am 痷 | an 恩 | ang 鶯 | ||
| [ɛ~e] | e | e 誒 | ei 非 | em 舐 | eng 鏡 | ||||
| [i] | i | i 衣 | ia | ie | iu 妖 | im 淹 | in 煙 | ing 英 | |
| [ɔ~o] | o | o 柯 | oi 哀 | ou 奧 | on 安 | ong 康 | |||
| [u~ʊ] | u | u 烏 | ua | ui 煨 | un 碗 | ung 甕 | |||
| [œ] | eu | eu 靴 | eun 順 | eung 香 | |||||
| [y] | iu | iu 於 | iun 冤 | ||||||
Finals of Northern Mandarin
Several finals that exist in Northern Mandarin dialects do not exist in Standard Mandarin. They are instead substituted with other finals in order to read certain characters.
| Original final | Replacement | |
|---|---|---|
| 喬 | iao | iu |
| 僉 | ian | im |
| 彊 | iang | eung |
| 匔 | iong | ung, eng |
| 鎈 | uo | o, iu |
| 膗 | uai | oi, ai, a |
| 汆 | uan | iun |
| 刅 | uang | ong |
| 傳 | üan | eung |
