Standard Chinese: Difference between revisions
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'''Standard Chinese''' (Chinese: 華語, lit. 'Chinese speech'), commonly '''Chinese''' or '''Mandarin''', is the modern standardised form of Chinese that was developed between the [[Canton War]] (1857) and the [[Great War]] (1939). It is largely based on the imperial Mandarin of Namging as well as [[Cantonese]]. The dialect is designated as the official language of the [[China|Chinese Republic]] and is used in [[Tauland]] and the Chinese diaspora. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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== Phonology == |
== Phonology == |
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== Romanisation == |
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==== Consonants ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! |
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! |
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!Labial |
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!Denti-alveolar |
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!Alveolo-palatal |
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!Velar |
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!Glottal |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Nasal |
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|m |
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|n |
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| |
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|ŋ |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Stop |
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!<small>aspirated</small> |
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|pʰ |
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|tʰ |
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| |
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|kʰ |
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| rowspan="2" |ʔ |
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|- |
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!<small>unaspirated</small> |
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|p |
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|t |
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| |
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|k |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Affricate |
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!<small>aspirated</small> |
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| |
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|tsʰ |
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|tɕʰ |
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|- |
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!<small>unaspirated</small> |
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| |
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|ts |
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|tɕ |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Fricative |
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|f |
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|s |
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|ɕ |
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| |
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|h |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Liquid |
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| |
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|l |
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|w |
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|} |
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* The checked tone ''ʔ'' and ''-m'' codas are maintained. For example, 甘肅 is read as ''Gamsu'' /ka<u>m</u>su/. |
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* [ts, tsʰ, s] are often palatalized to [tɕ, tɕʰ, ɕ] in front of front high vowels [i, y], a feature called ''źian-twan-ho-liu'' 尖團合流. Derived from Slavic languages, is represented in orthography by placing an acute accent ◌́ over the consonant to indicate its palatalization. |
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* Retroflexes found in Beiging Mandarin are merged into their alveolar counterparts. Retroflex [ɻ] is often merged into [j]. |
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== Romanization == |
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== Vocabulary == |
== Vocabulary == |