Poeja: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=<center>Poeja|image_flag=Poeja 1984 Flag.png|image_map=PoejaANR.jpg|map_width=250px|motto=逐鹿 (<small>[[Standard Chinese|Ch.]]</small> ''Zu̇ Lu̇'') <br> 'To pursue the deer'|demonym={{nowrap | Poejan • Phuyen}}|capital=Kirim|official_languages={{Tree list}}
* None
** Literary Chinese used as a common written form
{{Tree list/end}}|recognized_national_languages=[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] <br> [[Corean language|Corean]] <br> [[Russian language|Russian]]|languages_type=Working language|languages={{abbr|[[Minow]]|Mandarin-based Poeja pidgin}}|largest_city=Halbin|currency=Russian ruble|population_estimate=41,000,000|population_estimate_year=1980|ethnic_groups={{Tree list}}
* 62.3% Chinese
** 46.8% Hwa
** 15.1% mixed
** 0.4% Hwey
* 14.4% Corean
* 7.8% Russian
* 8.7% other
** 5% Mongol
** 3% Manchu
** 0.7% Zhiva
* 6.8% undeclared
{{Tree list/end}}|ethnic_groups_year=1980}}
 
'''Poeja''' ([[English language#Phonology|[pʰujʌ]]], alternatively '''Phuyo''') is a sovereign [[National republicanism|national republic]] in northeast Asia. It borders [[China]] to the west, [[Mongolia]] to the northwest, [[Russia]] to the northeast, and [[Corea]] to the south. The modern multinational state, conceived as a result of the [[Sino-Corean War|First Sino–Corean War]], survived numerous iterations; a Corean petty kingdom from 1889–1935, a Russian autonomy from 1935–1984. Poeja today remains one of the most economically productive regions of Asia with thriving mining, agricultural, military, and transport industries. Owing to its unique social heterogeneity and history, it is known as the 'only creole nation above the 35° parallel north'.
{{Nation|common_name=Poeja|full_name=Autonomous National Republic of Poeja|local_name=부여<br>夫餘<br>Буйе|established=1889 (Kingdom of Poeja)<br />
1935 (Autonomous National Republic under Russia)|capital=Kirim|largest_city=Halbin|government_type=Constitutional monarchy under a military regime|currency=Russian ruble|languages={{unbulleted_list | Corean (official) |
Manchu |
Mongol |
Mandarin |
Russian }}|map=PoejaANR.jpg|flag=Flag Poeja ANR RTL.png}}
 
'''Poeja''' (Hankoel: 부여; Handja: 夫餘; Russian: Буйе), officially the '''Autonomous National Republic of Poeja''', is an subnational state under [[Russia]]. It is bordered by [[Corea]] to the south and [[China]] to the west. It was originally established as a puppet state of the Corean until it was ceded to Russia in the [[The Great War#The Treaty of Hansjang|Treaty of Hansjang]].
 
== History ==
The modern Poejan state was constructed in the image of the ancient Poeja kingdom, a similarly multicultural state eventually extinguished by a Sino–Corean coalition around 500 CE. The primary tribe of ancient Poeja, the Jemek, are generally accepted to be ancestors of modern peninsular Coreans. In the 19th century, post-[[Canton War]] Corean nationalist historiography revived scholarly and popular interest in Poeja, leading to the ancient state's name being re-adapted during the final years of [[Hjodjong|King Hjodjong]]'s reign.
 
Threatened by Corea's new [[House of Ki|Sôgwang dynasty]], the [[Qing]] violated Corean territorial integrity in 1886, beginning the [[Sino-Corean War|First Sino–Corean War]]. Three years later, large portions of the Chinese imperial provinces of Źilin and Mukden were ceded to the Corean government. These new territories were soon reorganized and named the Kingdom of Poeja in 1889. The next four decades would see massive demographic changes, industrial development, and perhaps most perceptibly the rise of Poeja as the center of east Asian geopolitical feuds.
==== Premodern history ====
He Mosoe (해모수) founded the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyeo Poeja state] around the same time as when the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han Western Han dynasty] was established. China and Poeja maintained a good diplomatic relationship for centuries, with few conflicts in between. For 300 years after 200CE, Poeja faced attacks from nomadic tribes and their fellow Coreanic state, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo Ko-korjo]. The state collapsed in 500CE, leaving behind several fragmented successor states. Migrants from Poeja migrated south and founded Pekdje, mixing with the peninsular Han people.
 
Poeja was part of the historical region known as Manchuria, the homeland various Jurchen clans.
 
==== Manchu period (1583-1889) ====
In the late 16th century, Nurhaci, leader of the Aisin-Gioro dynasty, united the Jurchen clans into a united Manchu identity. He and his son, Hong Taiji, declared the Qing dynasty in 1636. As the Qing consolidated control over China, the Manchurian region enjoyed a special status within the empire, until the late 19th century.
 
Over time, the identity of the Manchu became sinicized, in attempts of the Qing dynasty to assimilate themselves with the Han to increase their legitimacy. By the mid 19th century, many Manchu had already adopted many Han Chinese customs, languages, and surnames.
 
===== First Sino-Corean War =====
{{Main|Sino-Corean War}}
With the weakening of the Qing state during the 1850s, the Corean Tsjosjan was overthrown and replaced by the [[House of Ki|Sjakwang dynasty]], founded by the House of Ki. The Qing dynasty declared war against the new dynasty, in what became known as the First Sino-Corean War, but ended in disaster after the Qing's allies, the [[Netherlands]], refused to help them and instead supported Corea. The Qing's position was furthern weakened when Russia joined Corea and partitioned Manchuria between themselves.
 
In the war's aftermath, the southern part of Manchuria was ceded to Corea, and became the puppet kingdom of Poeja.
 
==== Corean period (1889-1936) ====
Corea's annexation of Poeja was immediately recognized by Russia, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and soon the rest of Europe. During Corean rule, the teaching of the Corean language was introduced to Poeja. In 1894, Corean Emperor Tedjo introduced a new script for writing Mandarin, using a modified version of the Corean Hankoel script that incorporated sounds and tones in Mandarin.
 
In the 20th century, the Corean government promoted and subsidized the immigration of Coreans to Poeja. This gave rise to the ubiquity of the Corean language in Poeja, and gave rise to the Poejan Corean dialect, heavily influenced by the Joekdjin Corean dialect and Mandarin. Poeja was a strategic point for the Coreans during the 2nd Sino-Corean War.
 
==== Poeja during the Russo-Corean War (1935-1936) ====
{{Main|Russo-Corean War}}
Poeja was a strategic location during the Russo-Corean War, nestled in between the Nationalist Republic of Russia and the Corean peninsula. By June 1935, Russian forces had overrun the Corean army defending Poeja. While in Poeja, the Russians worked with a network of republican collaborators and established a network of Poejan and Corean Republicans. In occupied Harbin, Republican Corean societies had formed under the guidance and principles of Russian National Republicanism.
 
===== Aftermath =====
Poeja, with its ethnically mixed population of Han Chinese, Coreans, and Manchus, was formally annexed into the Russian National Republic as an Autonomous National Republic (ANR). The Russians allowed several former administrators to administer the Poeja Autonomous National Republic. The Russians also allowed the continued use of the Hankoel script for the different Poejan languages, including Corean, Mandarin, and Manchu.
 
Immediately prior to the [[Great War]], the [[Russo-Corean War]] of 1932–1935 saw the Chinese Republic, Russia, Japan, and the Qing dynasty collaborate in order to invade and dismantle the martial Corean administration. As a result, Poeja was created an autonomous national republic of the wider Russian state. This status quo would remain until the [[Great Nuclear Scare]] of the 1970s, when the [[Kemo Disaster]] and far-ranging governmental incompetence weakened the federal Russian government's authority over the Poejan state. In 1984, Poeja would successfully negotiate for its own sovereignty five years after the [[Alyeskan Independence War]] ravaged Russia's eastern flank.
=== Languages ===
 
== Government and Politics ==
===== The ancient Poejan dialects =====
[[File:Mukden.jpg|thumb|The Western style Joehwa Imperial Hotel in Kirim (by Kim Tsjin-soe, photograped 1932).|286x286px]]
Poeja and other north Coreanic states spoke the [https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%97%AC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1 Poeja languages], a group of close dialects that were related to the dialects of the southern Coreanic states. With the migration of the Poeja people south, these dialects mixed with their relatives to form [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Korean Old Corean]. The Manchu language has also been seen to have lasting influences from the Poeja languages and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhae#:~:text=Language%20and%20script,-Balhae%20used%20multiple&text=Alexander%20Vovin%20suggests%20that%20the,conducted%20in%20the%20Chinese%20language. Palhe language].
===== Corean dialects =====
Born of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukjin_dialect Rjoekdjin] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamgy%C5%8Fng_dialect Hamgjang] dialects, the modern Poeja and Yodong dialects of Corean contain influences from Manchu, Mongol, Mandarin, Dutch, and Russian. With the fall of the Sjakwang dynasty, these speakers coalesced around northern Corean cities like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang Kemo] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandong Anboek], eventually bringing them closer to peninsular Corean dialects.
 
== Demographics ==
Poeja also has a sizeable minority of Russian speakers, as well as speakers of various Mongol dialects.
 
== See also ==
===Population ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population of Poeja
!
!1932
!1936
!1937
|-
|'''Population Total'''
|24,300,200
|25,127,821
|24,248,347
|-
|Chinese
|78%
|75.6%
|73.1%
|-
|Corean
|12%
|11.1%
|10.8%
|-
|Manchu
|7%
|7.8%
|7.5%
|-
|Mongol
|3%
|3.3%
|3.2%
|-
|Russian
|Less than 1%
|1.1%
|4.3%
|-
|Other
|1%
|1.1%
|1.1%
|}
{{Nations of the World}}__FORCETOC__
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