Peru: Difference between revisions
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JVFSegundo (talk | contribs) (→Creation of the Quito Coalition: deleting small stuff and some writting errors) |
JVFSegundo (talk | contribs) (→Peruvian Civil War (1944-195X): Peruvian Civil War (finally) fully added to the wiki according to the previous discussions. Abolishion of the monarchy also added.) |
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On November 5, 1919, the Treaty of Leonabelle was signed. In the treaty, Peru was obligated to recognize Quito as part of Colombia, and give Chile independence. Once again, Peru suffered a defeat, but this time, it was even more humiliating, and the country fell into a heavy economic and political crisis. |
On November 5, 1919, the Treaty of Leonabelle was signed. In the treaty, Peru was obligated to recognize Quito as part of Colombia, and give Chile independence. Once again, Peru suffered a defeat, but this time, it was even more humiliating, and the country fell into a heavy economic and political crisis. |
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=== Peruvian Civil War (1944- |
=== Peruvian Civil War (1944-1963) === |
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==== Peruvian post-war economic hardships ==== |
==== Peruvian post-war economic hardships ==== |
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===== Creation of the Quito Coalition ===== |
===== Creation of the Quito Coalition ===== |
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On September 30th 1944, the leaders of Colombia, Carolina and Brasil met in Quito to discuss the creation of a joint force to support the fight against the nationalists in Peru, as well a network to prevent the spread of the ideology across lesser developed South American countries. After five more meetings, the countries established the Quito Coalition on November 2nd. The three countries agreed to create a supply line of guns, ammunition, food and medicines to the Kingdom of Peru. |
On September 30th 1944, the leaders of Colombia, Carolina and Brasil met in Quito to discuss the creation of a joint force to support the fight against the nationalists in Peru, as well a network to prevent the spread of the ideology across lesser developed South American countries. After five more meetings, the countries established the Quito Coalition on November 2nd. The three countries agreed to create a supply line of guns, ammunition, food and medicines to the Kingdom of Peru. |
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==== Nationalist expansion ==== |
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The nationalists started their expansion over Peru beginning in urban centers in the southern half of the country. Small towns and villages refused to show resistance to the revolutionaries, making the control of the Peruvian National Republic reach its peak around mid-1946. The territories held by Velasco rule at their most extense size controlled most of the central Andes and the southern half of the coastline. Most of the Peruvian Amazon and the eastern lowlands were held by foreign forces until the end of the conflict. |
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==== Stagnation period (1946-1958) ==== |
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After the rapid development of the Nationalist stronghold in the Andes, during the majority of the conflict, the control of the Peruvian National Republic became mostly stable, adopting a more defensive approach, little to no advance happened on all fronts. |
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The Nationalist government was heavily dependent on Russian supplies. From warfare to basic human necessities, tons of imports arrived through the port of Lima and by air through Equador. The Loyalists also didn’t make large advances in retaking the former territory of the kingdom. With terrible road infrastructure and hard terrain in most areas, the deployment and advance of troops became too difficult. Economically, the situation of the Loyalist held territory was also harsh. As the kingdom economy collapsed, it became constantly supplied by the countries of the Quito Coalition and other western nations when it came to industrialized goods. |
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==== Nationalis decline (1958-1963) ==== |
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After more than twenty years holding on, the Nationalist started to enter in decline due to a series of factors. The first one being the death of Pedro Velasco from debilitated health on May 5th of 1958. After the loss of the general’s centralizing figure for the Nationalist cause, internal struggles shattered the republic into several warlord states. Since 1960, Russian discredit in the success of a National Republican government in Peru motivated the country to decrease the support for the nation. The shattered republic wasn’t seen with good eyes by Moscow, which chose to focus its support on other regions. Russian support reached its lowest point during the war with Persia . Popular insurgencies also had a key role in the process. Unpleased with the Nationalist government, many revolts happened in cities and in the countryside. |
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This troublesome situation opened the opportunity for the Loyalist forces to finally start to advance over the Nationalist territory. In a process of five years, most of the former National Republic was reconquered. |
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==== Post-war Peru and the abolishment of the monarchy (1963-1965) ==== |
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1963 was marked as the year in which the Peruvian Civil War reached its end. With the majority of the country back to monarchy control, with the exception of small pockets of Nationalist resistance scattered across the mountains, the country was considerably pacified. Although, full stability was far from a reality. As most of the population faced extreme poverty, the infrastructure was destroyed or compromised across the nation and a ruined economy, Peru was considered by far the least developed country in South America. |
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Social unrest demanding a reform of the country's political system soon started to pop up. |
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In 1964, the Holy Thursday Referendum was passed by the Peruvian Parliament, which gave the choice to either turn Peru into a representative monarchy or a liberal republic. With 50,8% of votes, the liberal republic ended up victorious. The transition period took two years to be fully accomplished. |
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== Government and politics == |
== Government and politics == |
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