Peru: Difference between revisions
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{{VagueLoreNotice}}{{Nation
|common_name=Peru
|full_name=
|local_name=
|flag=Flag of Peru2.png
|established=Declaration of independence - 1875
Kingdom of Peru - 1881
Abolishment of the monarchy 1965
|capital= Cusco
|largest_city= Lima
|population= 42 Million
|government_type=
|area=
|languages= {{unbulleted_list | Spanish (Official) |Peruvian Quechua (Official)| Aymara (Regionally Official)| Guarani (Regionally Official)}}
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a month later, most of the inner viceroyalty were under the council control, with colonial forces controlling only the coastlines. The rebel government chose to fight in a guerilla style. With much more knowledge about the andes than the colonial forces, the mountains and the Spanish Royal Path became a natural stronghold.
In 1878, the council government, Equador and the envoys from the Netherlands met in Belém to discuss support for the Peruvian independence. The Dutch already recovered from the defeats on the [[Wars of Dutch Humiliation
By 1880, Spain was in a terrible economic situation, the mainland was devastated by war, and adding to this, the feeling of Mexico soon revolting worried the crown. Too exhausted to continue fighting, Spain asked for peace on April 20th 1880, recognizing it officially in February 1881. On March 4th 1881, viceroy Avilés was declared king of Peru.
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On November 5, 1919, the Treaty of Leonabelle was signed. In the treaty, Peru was obligated to recognize Quito as part of Colombia, and give Chile independence. Once again, Peru suffered a defeat, but this time, it was even more humiliating, and the country fell into a heavy economic and political crisis.
=== Peruvian Civil War (1944-
==== Peruvian post-war economic hardships ====
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==== 1944 Nationalist Revolution ====
On September 25th
On the September 28th, revolutionaris broke through the defense forces around Cusco, this move made the Peruvian royal family, along most of the parliament, leave the city in a rush. The monarchist government of Peru took refuge in the northern city of Cajamarca.
==== Early stages ====
By the early stages of the conflict, nationalist forces took control of most of the Peruvian Andes. Receiving direct supplies from guns and ammo to food from Russia and its sister republics, the nationalist managed to establish a relatively stable regime on one third of Peru. At its peak, the Peruvian National Republic stretched from Huaraz in the north to Arica in the south. After the initial shock, the Loyalists secured their positions by the end of September. Receiving heavy support from Colombia, the monarchy forces slowly started to push back the Nationalists through the Andes.
The national republic government declared martial law, a curfew during night time was established to the whole occupied area and declared rationing of power. These decisions, were supposed to be revoked once peace was restored. The non-aligned press started to be persecuted as well.
===== Equadorian occupation of the Amazon =====
In late October 1944, Equadorian forces crossed the border with Peru in the Amazon. In the span of a month, Equador managed to take control of most of the Amazon Territory. With a population smaller than 500k people, the territory was composed mostly of small to medium size towns near the main rivers. The reason for the invasion was to secure a pathway of supplies to the Peruvian Nationalists through the waterways.
===== Creation of the Quito Coalition =====
On September 30th 1944, the leaders of Colombia, Carolina and Brasil met in Quito to discuss the creation of a joint force to support the fight against the nationalists in Peru, as well a network to prevent the spread of the ideology across lesser developed South American countries. After five more meetings, the countries established the Quito Coalition on November 2nd. The three countries agreed to create a supply line of guns, ammunition, food and medicines to the Kingdom of Peru.
==== Nationalist expansion ====
The nationalists started their expansion over Peru beginning in urban centers in the southern half of the country. Small towns and villages refused to show resistance to the revolutionaries, making the control of the Peruvian National Republic reach its peak around mid-1946. The territories held by Velasco rule at their most extense size controlled most of the central Andes and the southern half of the coastline. Most of the Peruvian Amazon and the eastern lowlands were held by foreign forces until the end of the conflict.
==== Stagnation period (1946-1958) ====
After the rapid development of the Nationalist stronghold in the Andes, during the majority of the conflict, the control of the Peruvian National Republic became mostly stable, adopting a more defensive approach, little to no advance happened on all fronts.
The Nationalist government was heavily dependent on Russian supplies. From warfare to basic human necessities, tons of imports arrived through the port of Lima and by air through Equador. The Loyalists also didn’t make large advances in retaking the former territory of the kingdom. With terrible road infrastructure and hard terrain in most areas, the deployment and advance of troops became too difficult. Economically, the situation of the Loyalist held territory was also harsh. As the kingdom economy collapsed, it became constantly supplied by the countries of the Quito Coalition and other western nations when it came to industrialized goods.
==== Nationalis decline (1958-1963) ====
After more than ten years holding on, the Nationalist started to enter in decline due to a series of factors. The first one being the death of Pedro Velasco from debilitated health on May 5th of 1958. After the loss of the general’s centralizing figure for the Nationalist cause, internal struggles shattered the republic into several warlord states. Since 1960, Russian discredit in the success of a National Republican government in Peru motivated the country to decrease the support for the nation. The shattered republic wasn’t seen with good eyes by Moscow, which chose to focus its support on other regions. Russian support reached its lowest point during the war with Persia . Popular insurgencies also had a key role in the process. Unpleased with the Nationalist government, many revolts happened in cities and in the countryside.
This troublesome situation opened the opportunity for the Loyalist forces to finally start to advance over the Nationalist territory. In a process of five years, most of the former National Republic was reconquered.
==== Post-war Peru and the abolishment of the monarchy (1963-1965) ====
1963 was marked as the year in which the Peruvian Civil War reached its end. With the majority of the country back to monarchy control, with the exception of small pockets of Nationalist resistance scattered across the mountains, the country was considerably pacified. Although, full stability was far from a reality. As most of the population faced extreme poverty, the infrastructure was destroyed or compromised across the nation and a ruined economy, Peru was considered by far the least developed country in South America.
Social unrest demanding a reform of the country's political system soon started to pop up.
In 1964, the Holy Thursday Referendum was passed by the Peruvian Parliament, which gave the choice to either turn Peru into a representative monarchy or a liberal republic. With 50,8% of votes, the liberal republic ended up victorious. The transition period took two years to be fully accomplished.
== Government and politics ==
Since 1965, Peru has been a unitary parliamentary republic. The country has a Head of State and a Head of Government, who take the role as chief of the executive branch. Both figures are elected by popular vote every four years, and have the right to be re-elected once. The parliament, on the other hand, is renewed by popular vote every five years, with no possibility of re-election. Peru is also contemplated with a Supreme Court composed of ten ministers appointed by the Head of Government. The term in the Supreme Court lasts until retirement age.
==== Administrative divisions ====▼
Since the establishment of the Peruvian Republic, the country has been organized in 3 specially administered cities - Lima, Cusco and La Paz - and 29 provinces. Peruvian provinces have a reduced autonomy due to the unitary status of the country. The chief of the executive in the provinces and the specially administered cities is the City Governor and Provincial Governor, respectively. Both elected by popular vote every four years, they are subjects to the national government in Cusco.
{{Nations of the World}}
▲=== Administrative divisions ===
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