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=== Dutch Mexican War (1901-1903) ===
{{Main|Dutch-Mexican War}}
[[File:RTL Dutch Mexican War Map.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|413x413px|Territorial Changes after the [[Dutch-Mexican
In western North America, the fledgling Mexican Empire had a lot of potential in the region as a great power. Heavily religious and autocratic, it wanted to centralize its authority and display its might. In 1897, Mexico abolished home rule for the autonomous Voortrekker (or Boer) states. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was generally sympathetic to the Boers, saw this as an affront to their authority in North America and issued an ultimatum to Mexico: restore self-governance for the Dutch Boers states else they will attack Mexico. Mexico refused, and in 1901 the Dutch declared war, known as the [[Dutch-Mexican
Emperor González overestimated his new empire's might.
Throughout the latter half of the war, the Dutch had managed to occupy the land they had lost to Spain (Mizoerie and Acansa) during the [[2nd Dutch-Spanish War|2nd
The Treaty of Williamsburg, signed by both parties in the City of Williamsburg (Virginia), ended the war. Under this treaty, the land lost in the 2nd Dutch-Spanish war would be retroceded back to Tussenland. As for the Voortrekker Republics under Dutch control, the Kingdom of the Netherlands decided that it was impractical to annex them into Tussenland, as they already had their own unique blend of ''Dutch-Hispanic'' culture (as well as a large proportion of Catholics, proselytized by Spain and Mexico during 75 years of combined Spanish and Mexican rule). They were granted their fully-sovereign and (partially) unified state: the ''Amerikaense Vrystaët, or the''
=== The Mexican Revolution (1909) ===
The defeat at the Dutch-Mexican War
In the immediate aftermath of the war, facing external and internal political pressure, Emperor González was forced to agree to a new constitution that limited the monarchy's power and create a representative legislature. While this was initially applauded as a historic step towards democracy in Mexico, it soon became apparent that these changes were only superficial. By 1904, the new Mexican senate was stacked full of entrenched monarchist politicians who owed exclusive loyalty to Emperor González and acted as little more than a "rubber-stamp" for the monarchy. This arrangement infuriated many Mexicans who had gained significant republican sympathies stemming from increased urbanization and the spread of liberal, pro-republican ideas, literature, and values from the republican movements happening around North America at the time. Additionally, the military was starting to grow disenchanted with the further kleptocratic monarchial rule as the Emperor began to take a more hands-on approach to military organization and governance (including a series of purges aimed at removing pro-republican officers from the Army and Navy).
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There is a separation of powers between the Mexican President and Mexican Prime Minister with the prime minister and their appointed council of ministers having authority over internal executive affairs and the president having authority over the military and foreign affairs. This system of power sharing was created during the [[Mexican constitutional crisis of 1909]] to avoid concentrating power in the hand of one leader; this was likely a reaction to the Imperial period's system of near absolute power vested in the emperor.
===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Republic Era
!Name
!Party
! colspan="2" |Term of Office
!Notes
|-
|'''Juan-Guillermo Quesada'''
|'''The Republican Party''' (La p''artido de la republica)''
|1909
|1916
|Former military leader in the [[Dutch-Mexican War]] and political adversary of Emperor Jorge González
|-
|'''Carlos Bernardo Velasco'''
|'''Justice Party''' ''(Partido Republicano de la Justicia)'' ''[since 1917]''
Republican Party ''(until 1917)''
|1916
|1923
|His rule was marked by conservative policies that caused a split in the Republican Party. His tenure saw conflicts over major clerical and land reforms, alliances with former monarchists and northern ranchers, increased British investment, and reduced tariffs. Velasco's era also featured Mexico's involvement in the Great American Game with New Netherland, the tragic Chan Santa Cruz Massacre in 1920, and economic challenges due to the effects of the [[European Economic Crisis]]. His poor handling of these crises damaged the Justice Party's reputation.
|-
|'''Emilio Avila "El Toro" Ortiz'''
|'''People's Revolution Party''' (''El Partido Revolucionario del Pueblo de México)''
|1923
|1930
|He gained power with support from the People's Revolution Party. His rule was marked by support for Floridian rebels, intervention in the Guatemalan crisis, negotiations with Cristero rebels, and adoption of a bi-metalist monetary policy.
Despite calls for re-election, he did not run for a second term in office, not wanting to set a precedent of prolonged presidencies.
|-
|'''Juan Carlos Guzmán'''
|'''People's Revolution Party''' (''El Partido Revolucionario del Pueblo de México)''
|1930
|1937
|Guzmán continued to implement land and labor reforms, aiming to reduce inequality in the country. His rule also saw the normalization of relations between [[New Netherland]], and promoted cooperation between North American nations (Pact of Villareal), eventually culminating in the Cuban Intervention of 1937.
|}
== See also ==
* [[Spain]]
* [[New Netherland]]
{{Nations of the World}}
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