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Decolonization: Difference between revisions
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BeThe '''decolonization''' wave during the 20th century was marked by the gradual relinquishment of colonial control by major European powers, including [[Spain]], [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], [[Portugal]], and the [[Netherlands]]. This process was driven by the rise of national republicanism, geopolitical pressures, and internal strife within the colonial territories.
[[File:RTL decolonization.png|thumb|273x273px|African decolonization during the Silent War. Map art by [https://www.reddit.com/user/JVFreitas JVFreitas]]]
Spain led the decolonization process by releasing its remaining East Indies holdings after the country's transition to a republic in 1929. France was forced to decolonize some of their colonies after the [[Great War|Great War (1935-1939)]]. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Great Britain, fearing dissatisfaction among its colonies and the spread of [[national republicanism]], granted independence to its territories while maintaining economic and diplomatic influence through trade deals and membership in the [[Organization of Democratic Nations|Organization of Democratic Nations (ODN)]]. Portugal lost control of Portuguese Guinea, Iorubaland, and Borgu due to civil unrest and political upheaval but managed to retain Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia. The Netherlands faced challenges in its colonial territories as well, with the Cape Republic gaining independence in 1855.
== Timeline ==
Line 14 ⟶ 16:
|[[Cape Republic]]
|Declared & won independence from the Dutch.
|-▼
!1933
|{{flagdeco|SPA|republican}} [[Spain]]
|[[Morocco]]
|Morocco gained independence after renegotiating its protectorate status with Spain in 1933.
|-
!1938
Line 28 ⟶ 35:
|-
!1942
|{{flagdeco|GBR}} [[Britain]] and
{{flagdeco|POR}}[[Portugal]]
|[[Malagasy National Republic]]
|Established in 1942, the Malagasy Nat. Rep. would fight against the British and Portuguese, and their Sackalava and St. Lucian allies until they gain full control of the island in 1949.
Line 43 ⟶ 51:
|-
!1948
|{{flagdeco|SWE|republican}} [[Sweden]]
|[[Guinea|Guinean Union]]
|Formerly Swedish Guinea. Gained independence as a federation, at the behest of the Swedish Republican government, following the abolition of the Swedish monarchy.
Line 53 ⟶ 61:
|-
!1953
|{{flagdeco|GEN}} [[Genoa]]
|Genoese Guinea ''joins'' [[Guinean Union]]
|
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|Gambia
|Gained independence as a republic.
|-
!1956▼
|{{flagdeco|SPA|republican}} [[Spain]]
|Spanish Guinea ''joins'' [[Iorubaland]]▼
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |1957
Line 95 ⟶ 108:
|-
!1961
|{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|[[Kongo]]
|
Line 110 ⟶ 123:
|-
! rowspan="2" |1961
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|Borgu
| rowspan="2" |Formerly Portuguese Guinea. The colony was split into Borgu and Iorubaland.
Line 131 ⟶ 144:
|The Dominion gains full sovereignty as a republic.
|-
! rowspan="2" |1964
| rowspan="2" |[[East Africa]]
|[[Unyamwezi]]
|Established at the end of the Nyamwezi revolts (1957-1964) that ended in their independence as the Nyamwezi National Republic (or Unyamwezi).
|-
|[[Abanyiginia]]
|Gained independence as a National Republic after the Abanyiginia National Republican revolts.
|-
! rowspan="6" |1964
| rowspan="6" |{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|Urunda
| rowspan="6" |The inland Portuguese Zambezian protectorates gain independence through the Zambezian accords, signed in 1961.
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|Barotseland
|-
!1965
▲!1956
|[[
|[[Rukwa]]
▲|Spanish Guinea ''joins'' [[Iorubaland]]
|Founded by Rukwan national republicans. Recognized independent after East Africa could no longer keep control of Rukwa.
▲|
|-
!1976
|{{flagdeco|NED}} [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|The Netherlands]]
|[[Accany]]
|Became a dominion in 1967. Gained absolute independence in 1976 as the Republic of Accany.
|-
! rowspan="3" |1976
| rowspan="3" |{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|[[Mozambique]]
|Mozambique was recognized as independent after the 1976 Act of Free Will. After two years, the nationalists took power and established a dictatorship, expelling Portuguese settlers from the country.
|-
|[[Angola]]
|Became independent after the 1976 Act of Free Will.
|-
|[[Namibia]]
|Became independent after the 1976 Act of Free Will.
|}
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|-
!1839
|{{flagdeco|SPA}} [[Spain|Spanish Empire]]
|[[Paraguay]]
|Established as an independent republic in 1839, recognized as independent by Spain in 1846.
|-
!1842
|{{flagdeco|SPA}} [[Spain|Spanish Empire]]
|[[Colombia]]
|Established as an independent republic after the Colombian revolution.
|-
!1845
|{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|[[Bahia Republic]]
|Declared independence in 1836 but recognized by Portugal in 1845.
|-
!1846
|{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|[[Riograndense Republic]]
|Recognized by treaty in 1846.
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|-
!1881
|{{flagdeco|SPA}} [[Spain|Spanish Empire]]
|[[Mexico]]
|Former Viceroy of New Spain, Jorge González de Güemes y Horcasitas declared the Empire of Mexico following a popular coup.
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|[[Carolina]]
|Established as a self-governing commonwealth by the Home Rule in America Act.
|-
!1934
|{{flagdeco|SPA|republican}} [[Spain]]
|[[Puerto Rico]]
|Gained independence through a referendum, following the Spanish Republican Revolution.
|-
!1948
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|-
!1952
|{{flagdeco|GEN}} [[Genoa]]
|Mahe ''joins'' [[Carnatic]]
|
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!New entity
!Description
|-
! rowspan="3" |1935
| rowspan="3" |{{flagdeco|SPA|republican}} [[Spain]]
|[[Viet-Nam]]
| rowspan="3" |Gained independence through referendums in 1935, following the Spanish Republican revolution.
|-
|[[Philippines]]
|-
|[[Timor]]
|-
!1938
Line 329 ⟶ 375:
|[[Georgia]]
|Established as a self-governing dominion.
|-
! rowspan="2" |1959
| rowspan="2" |[[Genoa]]
|Niue
|Declared independence in 1966 after the economic and political crisis in Genoa (1950s).
|-
|Tonga
|Declared independence in 1966 after the economic and political crisis in Genoa (1950s).
|}
| |||