Colombia: Difference between revisions
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==== Italian Immigration to Colombia ==== |
==== Italian Immigration to Colombia ==== |
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From the 1890s to |
From the 1890s to roughly 2015, Colombia saw a significant boom in foreign direct investment, greater exploitation of Colombian natural resources, the discovery of large oil deposits, and a mid-sized industrial expansion centered around mineral and resource refining. Additionally, in 1899, new cultivars of coffee were introduced to Colombia. Along with long-term central planning by the ''Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia'', the Colombian Coffee industry grew massively, with the nation quickly making a name for itself as one of the premier coffee-growing countries. |
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These changes led to a massive labor deficiency and a new need for foreign workers, mostly filled through a massive immigration wave from the Italian states after the 1903 Latial Famine and the [[Venice#Invasion of the Papal Adriatic (1908), and the Alps against Austria (1911-1912)|1908 Venetian Invasion of the Papal States]]. Additionally, thousands of Sicilian immigrants left for Colombia in the early 1900s to escape poverty and the corrupt semi-serfdom-based economic system of the Kingdom of Sicily. While these immigrants left a significant positive cultural mark on the Republic of Colombia, one major issue that arose in this period was the creation of the long-standing Colombia Mafia's dominated by organizations with ties to the Cosa Nostra. |
These changes led to a massive labor deficiency and a new need for foreign workers, mostly filled through a massive immigration wave from the Italian states after the 1903 Latial Famine and the [[Venice#Invasion of the Papal Adriatic (1908), and the Alps against Austria (1911-1912)|1908 Venetian Invasion of the Papal States]]. Additionally, thousands of Sicilian immigrants left for Colombia in the early 1900s to escape poverty and the corrupt semi-serfdom-based economic system of the Kingdom of Sicily. While these immigrants left a significant positive cultural mark on the Republic of Colombia, one major issue that arose in this period was the creation of the long-standing Colombia Mafia's dominated by organizations with ties to the Cosa Nostra. |
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==== Second Colombian-Peruvian War ==== |
==== Second Colombian-Peruvian War ==== |
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Starting in 1915 the economies of South America started to see a drop in European Investment due to overproduction in certain industries in the trans-Atlantic economy and a rise in interest rates from European banks in response to political crises in western Europe (political crises that would go on to be major factors in the European Economic Crisis in the 1920s). Unemployment across South American nations spiked because of their reliance on European markets for their natural resources and agricultural goods. Though a few industries grew in this period, notably rubber production, rubber-producing regions were critically important to the economies of nations that controlled them. |
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In 1917, Peru, suffering from widespread unemployment and economic troubles stemming from |
In 1917, Peru, suffering from widespread unemployment and economic troubles stemming from growing economic uncertainties in Europe, entered into secret talks with the Lusophone Republic of Equador and decided to wage a joint war on Colombia to split and annex the rubber producing Colombian Amazon territory. |
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At the time, Colombia was suffering from economic troubles and a series of political strikes. On July 10, 1917, a surprise attack on Colombian airfields started the war with Colombia on the backfoot. Throughout 1917, Colombia lost ground in the Amazon and the much sought over Quito province. By 1918 though, Colombia was able to stop the Peruvian-Equadorian advances, mobilizing its new industrial center and securing nominal support from the British (who were worried of the war's precedent; themselves owning rubber producing land in Guiana). Additionally, in the Fall of 1918, the Chilean Revolt started in southern Peru, to which the British and Colombian supplied weapons and resources. By the end of the year, Colombia was able to retake Quito province, and at that point, the war became a drawn-out excursion mostly fought in the Amazons. In May 1919, Equador, suffering a manpower shortage, sued for peace, and in that following July, Peru signed an armistice (themselves dealing with large-scale revolts in Chile and the Chaco). On November 5, 1919, Colombia, Equador, and Peru signed the Treaty of Leonabelle (mediated by the United Kingdom), in which Peru relinquished all claims to Quito and recognized the independence of Chile. The borders of the Amazon were also agreed upon, formalizing the cession of land occupied by Colombia during the war. |
At the time, Colombia was suffering from economic troubles and a series of political strikes. On July 10, 1917, a surprise attack on Colombian airfields started the war with Colombia on the backfoot. Throughout 1917, Colombia lost ground in the Amazon and the much sought over Quito province. By 1918 though, Colombia was able to stop the Peruvian-Equadorian advances, mobilizing its new industrial center and securing nominal support from the British (who were worried of the war's precedent; themselves owning rubber producing land in Guiana). Additionally, in the Fall of 1918, the Chilean Revolt started in southern Peru, to which the British and Colombian supplied weapons and resources. By the end of the year, Colombia was able to retake Quito province, and at that point, the war became a drawn-out excursion mostly fought in the Amazons. In May 1919, Equador, suffering a manpower shortage, sued for peace, and in that following July, Peru signed an armistice (themselves dealing with large-scale revolts in Chile and the Chaco). On November 5, 1919, Colombia, Equador, and Peru signed the Treaty of Leonabelle (mediated by the United Kingdom), in which Peru relinquished all claims to Quito and recognized the independence of Chile. The borders of the Amazon were also agreed upon, formalizing the cession of land occupied by Colombia during the war. |
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