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== History ==
=== Ming-Qing Transition ===
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing Ming-Qing transition] was one of the deadliest periods in Chinese history that witnessed the fall of the Ming dynasty and the rise of the Qing empire that supplanted it. It caused massive changes in Chinese society, politics, and economics.
==== Stabilization of the Qing periphery ====
King Sangdjong ascended to the Corean throne in 1649. The Southerner Party and the royal court [[Corea#Dutch Influence In Corea and Sjahak|resolved to make peace]] with the new [[Great Qing|Qing dynasty]] and abandon connections to the old Ming regime.
In 1650, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Koxinga Zheng] junk unintentionally sinks a Corean ship heading to Tauland. This provoked King Sangdjong to send marine troops to assist Qing-Dutch forces in the Minzhe region against pirates and Ming loyalists. During the [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%81%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 Battle of Cizao], Corean soldiers defeated the Zheng army alongside the Manchus.
Two years later in the [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%9D%B1%E6%A9%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 Battle of Jiangdong Bridge], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga Koxinga] and his army was defeated at a critical juncture. He was sent to exile in Hirado with his mother, who was evacuated to Japan two years after the Qing conquest of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan Kiang-nan]. During the battle, [https://baike.baidu.hk/item/%E6%9C%B1%E4%BB%A5%E6%B5%B7 Zhu Yihai] betrayed Koxinga and defected to the Qing side. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%BD%A9 Zheng Cai] fled to the Ryukyu kingdom with a contingent of pirates in an effort to gain materials for the next attack, especially focusing on the sulfur trade.
The Zheng family eventually failed to create a Ming loyalist base in southeastern China. Later, many members of the family and their allies participated in the southern Japanese [[History of Japan#Ōmura Rebellion (1656-1658)|Ōmura Rebellion]] in 1656.
==== Fate of the House of Zhu ====
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zhu Zhu family], the former royal house of the Ming dynasty, dispersed around China after the Qing's conquest of southern China. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Youlang Yongli Emperor] established an emergency government in 1641 in response to the Qing conquests.
At the same time, numerous Jesuit missionaries converted much of the Ming court to Roman Catholicism. This included Empress Dowager [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Wang_(Southern_Ming) Helena Wang], Empress [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Southern_Ming) Anne Wang], Empress [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Ma_(Southern_Ming) Maria Ma], and Eunuch [https://books.google.ie/books?id=5yUzntxTZioC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Pang+Tianshou&source=bl&ots=4nrnB0wrD-&sig=ACfU3U3Y0wBRsCTk3AdCwND0seLO2-9HPA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOt5nduJH2AhXxQEEAHdsuBCsQ6AF6BAgUEAM#v=snippet&q=Pang%20Tianshou&f=false Achilleus Pang]. In 1648, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%85%88%E7%85%8A Crown Prince Cihyun] was born and baptized with the Latin name Constantine. The Empress Dowager sent a letter to the Vatican in 1650 requesting assistance to repel the Qing, which was ignored. In 1656, Empress Anne - hearing of the [[Japan#Ōmura Rebellion (1656-1660)|Ōmura Rebellion]] - sent a plea to the Japanese Catholic rebels to help evacuate the imperial family and their entourage.
In 1662, the Emperor and the majority of the imperial family were killed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Sangui Wu Sang-kuei] in Yunnan, with the survivors being brought to Peking. However, Empress Maria and the Crown Prince were rescued by a contingent of pirates and loyalists before the massacre. They were brought to Macao via [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanning Namning] where they lived until 1665, and then resided in Manila for two months before returning to the Chinese mainland. The surviving family changed their last names to Ma (馬) and Wong (王) to escape suspicion and survived as commoners for the next century.
After Koxinga's defeat in 1652, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Shugui Prince Ningzing] - the only other possible Ming successor - attempted to commit suicide near Tongshan Island. He was saved by an unnamed soldier. He altogether disappeared from historical records, apart from brief mention of his presence in Fort Zeelandia not long after.
In 1725, the position of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Extended_Grace Marquis of Extended Grace] was established, with a complacent descendant of the Zhu family from a minor branch taking up the position. The title was purely ceremonial, with its holders being treated as regular Chinese citizens.
==== Relations with the Dutch ====
The Dutch established a base on [[History of Taulandt|Tauland]] in the 1620s, stabilizing their rule in the 1660s. Although not universally welcomed, they fostered a good but informal relationship with the Ming on the mainland. With the Qing conquest of southern China, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] of Formosa cut their ties with the Ming and established a strong relationship with the [[Great Qing|Qing]] and [[Corea]]. By the 18th century, the Dutch almost monopolized European trade in southern China.
=== Qing dynasty ===
{{Main|Great_Qing#Western_Qing_dynasty_(1636-1857)}}
=== Dawn and Dusk period ===
This period's name was inspired by the 17th-century book [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Dawn_(book) Waiting for the Dawn] by politician and philosopher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Zongxi Huang Tsung-hsi]. In this era, lasting from 1857 to 1936, China proper was split into two parts during the Canton War - the [[Great Qing#Eastern Qing dynasty (1857-1936)|Eastern Qing dynasty]] and the Kingdom of Canton.
===== Canton War =====
{{Main|Canton War}}
==== Kingdom of Canton (1857-1931) ====
==== Wahhah Republic (1931-1936) ====
===== 1931 Sanmei Coup =====
Multiple parties formed and participated in the Parliament, formed in the late 1920s as an appeasement measure. The dominant party was the National Reformation Party (華夏改革會'', lit. Wahhah Reformation Party'') which aimed to dismantle the monarchy. In 1927, the NRP-dominated Parliament commenced the National Reform Movement. In 1931, the NRP-dominated parliament overthrew monarchy and established a republic. They renamed the country the Chinese Republic (華夏民國) and sought to unify with the Great Qing with military force, ending the state of division in China since 1857.
=== Chinese Republic (1936-) ===
== Government and Politics ==
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