Roses, Tulips, & Liberty

China: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

China (view source)

Revision as of 13:47, 13 December 2022

1,687 bytes removed ,  1 year ago
m
Fixed a few small things.
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
m (Fixed a few small things.)
 
(26 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Infobox former country|common_name=China|official_languages=[[Standard Chinese]]|regional_languages=[[Cantonese]] </br> Hokkien </br> Hakka|capital=Namging|largest_city=Canton|legislature=National Parliament|native_name=華民國|conventional_long_name=Chinese Republic|image_flag=RTL Huaxia Flag.png|flag_width=200px|demonym=Chinese|government_type=Constitutional republic|established=1931|established_event1=Annexation of [[Qing]]|established_date1=1936}}
{{Nation
|common_name=Huaxia
|full_name=Huaxia Republic
|local_name=華夏民國<br />Wah-hah Man-kwok (Cantonese)<br />Hwahsia Minkwo (Mandarin)
|flag=RTL_Huaxia_Flag.png
|established=1855 (Kingdom of Canton)<br />1931 (Huaxia Republic)
|capital= Kwangchow
|population= 410 Million
|government_type=
|languages= {{unbulleted_list | Cantonese
| Mandarin | Various regional languages}}
|currency= Huabi (華幣; HXB)
}}'''Huaxia''' (華夏), officially the '''Huaxia Republic''' (華夏民國; ''Hwahsia Minkwo'')'','' is a country in East Asia. Its capital and largest city is Kwangchow (廣州) located south of the country. Huaxia is dominated by the Han people, which built the world's first civilizations in the fertile basin of the Yellow River. For millenia, the region's political systems based around absolute hereditary monarchies and dynasties, most recent of which are the Qing 清朝(1644-1855) and Tenchyew 天朝 (1855-1931).
 
'''China''', officially the '''Chinese Republic''' (華民國, ''hwamingwo,'' /hwa.min.kwɔ/)'','' is a country in East Asia, bordering over eight sovereign states including [[Corea]], [[Russia]], and [[Tibet]]. It is the most populous country on earth and one of the most economically productive states. Ruled by the [[Qing]] and [[Kingdom of Canton|Ye]] for most of the modern era, the modern republic was established in 1931, unifying the country in 1936.
Modern Huaxia's origins stem from the Cantonese Kingdom that split off from the Qing state in 1855. Constitutional reform led to the abolition of the Cantonese monarchy and supremacy of the National Reform Party in the 1931. In the same year, the country was renamed the Huaxia Republic.
 
== History ==▼
During the [[Russo-Corean War|Russo-Corean War (1932-1935)]], Huaxia joined with the Russians against the expansionist [[Corea|Corean Empire]]. Huaxia invaded the Corean-occupied Qing state, and in exchange for their help, the Russians awarded Beijing and all former Qing lands to Huaxia, effectively reuniting China.
{{Main|History of China after 1850}}
 
On 7 May 1931, the National Reformation Party (華改會, ''hwagaihwei'') mobilized the armed forces and several affiliated paramilitaries across the country, capturing the vast majority of key military and government institutions of the [[Kingdom of Canton]] in just over a month. By 10 June, the Chinese Republic was declared, with notable assemblyman and former compradore [[Teng Acoy]] 鄧阿采 being declared President of the Republic in the following weeks. This event was known as the [[History of China after 1850#Unification Wars: 1931–1940|Sinwei coup]].
▲== History ==
 
== Government and Politics ==
=== 17th to 19th centuries ===
{{Infobox government|government_name=Chinese National Government|nativename=華民國政府|date=1931|document_type=Constitution|document=Articles of Unification|country=[[China]]|legislature=National Parliament|leader_type=Head of state|leader_title=President|main_body=General Secretariat|court_name=Court of appeal|headquarters=[[Namging]]|members_in_assembly=299|government_form=Unitary parliamentary republic|image_size=200px|court=Censorial Senate}}China is a unitary parliamentary republic consisting of 18 provinces 䁞 and 7 urban prefectures 府, characterized as a non-liberal representative system. The country's constitution is the code known as the Articles of Unification (合一憲法, ''he i sienfa''), which were officially enacted by the 8 June 1931 Law, giving the National Parliament power over the armed forces and several senior ministries.
The Dutch established a base on the island of Formosa (now [[Taulandt]]) in the 1620s. Although not universally welcomed, they fostered a good but informal relationship with the Ming on the mainland. However, in the 1640s, with the rise of the Qing dynasty, the Dutch completely cut their ties with the Ming and allied with the burgeoning Qing instead. This had developed into a formal military alliance, and throughout the 18th century, the Dutch possessed unfettered and uncontested trading rights in China, much to the envy of other European powers.
 
==== Breaking the Monopoly: The Coming of FranceLegislature and Britainjudiciary ====
The National Parliament is the tricameral legislature of the Chinese Republic. It consists of three bodies;
Britain and France had long desired to break the Dutch monopoly on Asian trade. They had continuously chased any opportunity that came knocking at their door. In the early 1800s, Britain had started to establish a small presence in the southern regions of China (particularly Canton). The Qing, however, were not receptive to this. They started to enact more restrictive trade policies in Canton, leading to the disgruntlement of British and Chinese merchants alike. The influx of Christian missionaries in Canton did not help the situation either, only further alienating the populace from the ruling Qing. An insurrection was brewing in Canton, and this was exactly the opportunity the British and French had longed for.
 
* the upper house, the Senior Chamber (磋院, ''cwoyen''), consists of 36 members elected by aldermen 董事 from urban prefectures every seven years.
=== The Kingdom of Canton and Canton War (1850-1857) ===
* the lower house, the General Chamber (共院, ''gongyen''), is a 250-representative body elected by provincial parliaments every seven years.
The unrest in Canton grew into an open revolt by 1847. The Qing were slow to respond and faced multiple defeats at the hands of the rebels. The Canton rebels were well-equipped and well-supported by British and French arms, while the Qing army was languishing in their antiquated systems of fighting. By early 1848, the rebels were able to take substantial portions of the southern China region.
* and the Censorial Senate (監察院, ''gamcayen''; shortened to 'the Censorate'), which acts the auditory branch of the Parliament. Its 12 members are called senators. They are nominated every sixteen months by senior regional government officials, approved by at least a plurality vote in the Senior Chamber, and reviewed and confirmed by the General Secretariat.
 
Additionally, the General Secretariat appoints a Liaison Officer 議長, an official who oversees and reports on relations between the three bodies of the National Parliament, as well as administering formal communications between the Parliament and the Secretariat. Thus, the total number of members of the Parliament comes to 299.
By late 1848, the leader of the rebellion had garnered enough support and legitimacy in the region. He established a new kingdom, dubbed by the west as the "Kingdom of Canton." This new kingdom would infuse Chinese tradition with western styles, particularly putting Christianity at its core. Britain and France were quick to recognize this new kingdom.
 
The Censorial Senate, in addition to being an auditory body, functions as the final court of appeal (i.e the supreme court) of the Republic. It is said to have been modeled on the [[Britain|British]] House of Lords in order to contain juridical power within the framework of Parliament.
At this point, the fledgling kingdom became this unstoppable force aiming at the Qing capital. The Dutch Empire realized that their Asian monopoly was at stake. If this British-backed kingdom becomes the new master of the region, the Chinese trade would be open to other powers besides the Dutch. A Qing collapse would mean the end of the Dutch Empire's Asian enterprise. The Dutch had to act quickly. In the spring of 1849, with the consent of the Qing emperor, the Dutch landed their army on the mainland and launched naval attacks on Canton.
 
==== Executive ====
Britain and France nervously watched as the Dutch crushed the rebels marching towards the north. Although not officially in the war, they continued to provide logistical support to Canton. However, they are still looking for an opportunity to intervene in the war and turn the tides. An opportunity came on 1 March 1850, when a Dutch admiral had sunk a British ship carrying gunpowder to Canton: an open act of aggression.
The President of the Republic 相國 is the head of the executive branch and originates from the imperial position of Chancellor. They are elected by a college of electors, whose members are nominated and approved by provincial parliaments. The Presidency has no set term limit; the officeholder can be removed via a motion of the General Chamber combined with the assent of the Censorial Senate. Another, rarer route is when the Secretariat files a complaint with the Senate, who would then consult with senior legislative leaders in order to impeach the President.
 
The General Secretariat 國內閣 functions as the executive college of the state, consisting of nine Secretaries heading various departments. A Chief General Secretary 大幹事 is appointed by the President in order to act as the head of the Secretariat and the head of government. In practice, the pool of nominated candidates is limited as they must be approved by the college of nine Secretaries and rubber-stamped by Parliament. Upon confirmation, the Chief General Secretary cannot be dismissed by the President and remains in their position until resignation, removal, or the end of the particular administration. The balance of power of the two executives may vary with each administration.
As soon as Europe got word of the incident, Britain hastily declared war on the Dutch Empire. France soon joined on the side of Canton and the British. This quickly developed into a global conflict, with British and Dutch colonies being pitted against each other in the Americas, and multiple naval battles being fought on the English channel. In China, the Anglo-British-Cantonese alliance was slowly pushing back the Dutch and the Qing.
 
Additionally, the President chairs the Southern Study (南書房, ''namśufang''), an advisory body first established by the [[Kanggwo Emperor]] in 1684. Its members are all appointed by the President without significant parliamentary or secretarial interference, giving confidential advise to the head of state on matters of public policy, politics, and administration.
Things started to look tragic for the Dutch, especially when the Spanish Empire declared a separate war against the distracted Dutch Empire in late 1850, hoping to take some of the territories from the Dutch [[Tussenland|Colony of Tussenland]] in America. Dutch Formosa was now being attacked on all sides, by Britain and France from Canton and the Spanish from Manila.
 
==Demographics==
=== Kingdom of Canton ===
China is the most populous country in the world, with most its population being concentrated in coastal provinces and the Central Plains. The vast majority of the population are of Hwa Chinese ethnicity. [[Standard Chinese]], the official language and ''lingua franca'', is understood to a sufficient degree by the bulk of the population.
{{Nation
|common_name=Kingdom of Canton
|local_name=天朝<br />Tenchyew (Cantonese)<br />Tianchow (Mandarin)
|flag=RTL Flag of Canton.png
|capital= Kwangchow
}}
The war ended in disaster for the Dutch and the Qing. In the resulting Treaty of Tchangtcheou (1857), the Kingdom of Canton was formally recognized by all nations, taking most of the southern Qing territory. Multiple treaty ports were opened, specifically Tchangtcheou (France), Foochow, Taichow, Ningpo, and Shanghai (Britain). The Dutch were forced to concede defeat and retract their monopoly on the Asian trade. All Dutch presence in China was removed. This war would later be known in the Dutch-speaking spheres as ''The War of Dutch Humiliation.''
 
==== Ethnicity ====
However, it was the Qing that suffered the most damage in the war. Although still holding a large territory, the situation in post-war Qing had devolved into a constant civil war between local warlords, and they would never recover from that point on/ The Qing would be known as the "Sick Man of Asia [亞洲病夫], and by the late 1880s, although the Qing state was still present ''de jure,'' it was already considered dead. The withering of the Qing in the 1880s had allowed for a new Asian power to enter the global stage: the Empire of Corea.
The Hwa, also commonly referred to as the Han 漢 or the Tang 唐, are the predominant ethnic group of China, comprising an estimated 95% of the Chinese population. They are considered the descendants of the Hwasia tribes 華夏 of the Yellow River Valley, contrasted with the 'barbaric' peoples surrounding them. Much of the Republic's ideology is built upon Hwa ethnocentrism and remains influential upon its citizens as well as the Hwa diaspora in the Americas, southeastern Asia, and other parts of the world.
 
Besides the Hwa, other notable ethnic communities are mostly concentrated in the southwest provinces, the coastal regions, and in metropolitan areas. These include the Law peoples 僚, the Bizica 土家, the Miaw 苗族, the Ji peoples 夷, and the Mingia 民家 of the southwest, the seafaring Tanka 南海人 of the Chinese coast, as well as numerous non-indigenous groups, the largest of which are [[Tauland|Taulanders]].
=== Modern Huaxia ===
Modern Huaxia's origin stems from the western-backed Christian rebellion against the Great Qing in 1847 from Kwangchow (Canton). Seeing this as a way to disrupt the Dutch-Qing alliance and trade monopoly, Britain and France supported the "Canton Rebellion." This culminated in the [[Canton War|Canton War (1850-1857)]] that caused the southern half of China to split from the Qing state in 1857.
 
==See also==
The southern state that broke away called itself ''Tenchyew'' (天朝; ''heavenly dynasty'') and was ruled by a Cantonese Christian dynasty. ''Tenchyew'' was more commonly known as the Kingdom of Canton in the west.
 
The Christian dynasty reigned over the Kingdom of Canton with absolute rule over the latter half of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, various secret societies promoting pan-Chinese Republicanism started springing up in Canton. By the 1910s, these secret societies had begun to increase their strength and influence over the region. Fearing a mass rebellion, the Kingdom of Canton established the Tenchyew parliament.
 
Multiple parties formed and participated in the parliament. However, the dominating party was the National Reformation Party (華夏改革會'', lit. Huaxia Reformation Party'') which aimed to dismantle the monarchial pretensions of Canton and unite China after many decades of fragmentation. In 1927, the NRP-dominated Tenchyew parliament commenced the National Reform Movement, which attempted to do away with classical Chinese philosophy and tradition in favor of western ideals.
 
In 1931, the NRP-dominated parliament overthrew the Cantonese Christian monarchy. They renamed the country the Huaxia Republic (華夏民國) and sought to unify with the Great Qing by military aggression.
 
*[[Great Qing|Qing dynasty]]
{{Nations of the World}}
__FORCETOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
__INDEX__
Tomartino
rtl-contributors
1,630

edits

Retrieved from "https://wiki.rosestulipsandliberty.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/2947...9250"