Amerikaens: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language|region=Northern America|familycolor=orange|fontcolor=black|name=Amerikaens|ethnicity=[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|ancestor=Bergen Dutch|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|script=Latin|official=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]|pronunciation=[
'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans'') is a West Germanic language spoken over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanning [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[South Tussenland]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexico]] and [[Opdamsland]]. It evolved from Hollandic, Zeelandic, and West Flemish dialects spoken by Dutch settlers in northern America, an example of which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch Pavonia Dutch]. The language developed a distinct identity during the 18th century and is the youngest of the Germanic languages, along with [[Afrikaans]], spoken in southern Africa.
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|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
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!Diphthongs
| colspan="8" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi
|}
==== Vowel shift from European Dutch ====
The vowel shift in Amerikaens began in the mid-17th century in [[New Netherland]], gradually developing until its conclusion in the late 19th century. Some dialects of Amerikaens, such as the Voor dialects of [[Tussenland]], preserve European Dutch pronunciations.
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!Amerikaens
! colspan="2" |Example
!Usage notes
|-
|aa
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|''Amerik'''aa'''ns''
|''Amerik'''ae'''ns''
|
|-
|ei
Line 448 ⟶ 296:
|''Înh'''ei'''d''
|''Înh'''ey'''dt''
|
|-
|ui
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|''Fr'''ui'''t''
|''Fr'''uy'''t''
|
|-
|ij
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|''Vr'''ij'''heid''
|''Vr'''ÿ'''heydt''
|
|-
|uu
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|''Absol'''uu'''t''
|''Absol'''ue'''t''
|
|-
|ee
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|'''''Ee'''nheid''
|'''''Î'''nheydt''
|
|-
|oo
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|''V'''oo'''rland''
|''V'''ö'''rlandt''
|
|-
|oe
Line 478 ⟶ 332:
|''Daart'''oe'''''
|''Daert'''ü'''''
|
|-
|m
|mm
|''Ko'''m'''en''
|''Ko'''mm'''e''
| rowspan="2" |Does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.
|-
|l
Line 490 ⟶ 346:
|-
|k
|ck
|''Boe'''k'''''
|''Boe'''ck'''''
| rowspan="3" |Only occurs at the end of a syllable.
|-
|d
Line 503 ⟶ 360:
|''Kal'''f'''''
|''Kal'''v'''''
|}
==== Spelling to sound correspondences ====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="3" |Vowels
! rowspan="24" |
! colspan="3" |Consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!checked
! free
!normal
!final
|-
|a
|/ɑ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/
|/ɑː/
|b
|/b/
|/p/
|-
|ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/, /eː/
|d
|/d/
|/t/
|-
|au
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/, /ɔu/, /ɔ/
|dj, dsch
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /d<sup>j</sup>/
|-
| e
|/ɛ/, /ə/, /æ/
|/eː/, /ə/
|f, ph
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
|o
|/ɔ/, /ʌ/
|/oː/
|g, gh
| colspan="2" |/χ/, /g/
|-
|ö
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|h
| colspan="2" |/h/, /ɦ/
|-
|ai, aei
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
|j
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|au(x), eau(x)
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|k, ck
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|auw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|l
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|i, ie
| /i/, /ə/, /ɛ/
|/iː/
|m
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|î
| colspan="2" |/eː/
|n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
|îuw, ieuw
| colspan="2" |/eːu/, /iu/
|ng
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
|ey
| colspan="2" |/ɛi/
|p
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
|eu
| colspan="2" |/œː/
|r
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
|oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|s
| colspan="2" |/s/, /s<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|ou, ouw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|sch, sh
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
| ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /i/
|t, th
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|ü
| colspan="2" |/uː/
|tsj, tj
| colspan="2" |/tʃ/, /t<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|uy, üy
| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/
|v
| colspan="2" |/f/, /v/
|-
|ue
| colspan="2" |/yː/
|w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
|uw
| colspan="2" |/yu/
|z
| colspan="2" |/s/, /z/
|}
== Grammar ==
==== Notable features ====
* '''Grammatical gender:''' Language contact with English and indigenous languages, as well as exposure to various American creoles, has resulted in the loss of grammatical gender in Amerikaens, much like in its sister language [[Afrikaans]].
* '''Definite articles:''' Amerikaens possesses one definite article, de, with ''het'' having been eliminated altogether.
* '''Deletion of coda:''' Words often drop the final sound, usually consonants and the vowel ''e''. For example, ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'', and ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd''.
* '''Lenition of consonants:''' Consonants in the middle of words sometimes experience lenition. For example, ''poli<u>t</u>ie'' → ''poli<u>s</u>ie''.
==== Pronouns and verb conjugations ====
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|Ik/ äk
|Ik
|Ik
| -
|-
Line 533 ⟶ 519:
|Jÿ
|Jij, U
|Jij
|
|-
Line 564 ⟶ 550:
In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible
|+''Î'''t''
|-
|-
|ît(e)
|eten
|(to) eat
|-
|Ik ît.
|Ik eet.
|I eat.
|-
|Ik hab ît.
|Ik at.
|I ate.
|-
|Ik wil/zhal ît.
|Ik zal eten.
|I will eat.
|-
|Ik dîd ît.
|Ik was aan het eten.
|I was eating.
|-
|Ik
|Ik ben aan het eten.
|I am eating.
|-
|Ik wil/zhal
|
|I will be eating.
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible
|+'''
|-
|-
|köck(e)
|koken
|(to) cook
|-
|Ik
|Ik kook.
|I cook.
|-
|Ik hab
|Ik kookte.
|I cooked.
|-
|Ik wil/zhal
|Ik zal koken.
|I will cook.
|-
|Ik dîd
|Ik was aan het koken.
|I was cooking.
|-
|Ik
|Ik ben aan het koken.
|I am cooking.
|-
|Ik wil/zhal
|
|I will be cooking.
| |||