Amerikaens: Difference between revisions
Fixed errors and added a Vowel Shift from European Dutch section.
(Fixed errors and added a Vowel Shift from European Dutch section.) |
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<references />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
Line 91 ⟶ 92:
!Close
| i
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Close-mid
Line 107 ⟶ 108:
|
|
|
|-
! Mid
Line 115 ⟶ 116:
|ə
| œ
|
|ɔ
|
|-
!Near-open
|æ
|æː
|
|
Line 137 ⟶ 138:
|
|ɑ
|ɑː
|-
!Diphthongs
| colspan="8" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi
|}
==== Sound to spelling correspondences ====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="3" |Vowels
!
! colspan="3" |Consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
!
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
Line 152 ⟶ 158:
!checked
! free
!
!normal
!final
|-
|a
|/ɑ/, /ʌ/
|/
!
|b
|/b/
|/p/
|-
|ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/, /eː/
!
|ck
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|au
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/, /ɔu/, /ɔ/
!
|d
|/d/
|/t/
|-
| e
|/ɛ/, /ə/, /æ/
|/eː/, /ə/
!
|dj, dsch
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /d<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|o
|/ɔ/, /ʌ/
|/
!
|f, ph
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
|ö
| colspan="2" |/
!
|g, gh
| colspan="2" |/χ/, /g/
|-
|ai, aei
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
!
|h
| colspan="2" |/h/, /ɦ/
|-
|au(x), eau(x)
| colspan="2" |/
!
|j
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|auw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
!
|k
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|i, ie
| /i/, /ə/, /ɛ/
|/
!
|l
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|î
| colspan="2" |/
!
|m
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|îuw, ieuw
| colspan="2" |/
!
|n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
|ey
| colspan="2" |/ɛi/
!
|ng
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
|eu
| colspan="2" |/
!
|p
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
|oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
!
|r
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
|ou
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
!
|s
| colspan="2" |/s/, /s<sup>j</sup>/
|-
| ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /
!
|sch, sh
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
|ü
| colspan="2" |/
!
|t, th
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|uy, üy
| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/
!
|tsj, tj
| colspan="2" |/tʃ/, /t<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|ue
| colspan="2" |/
!
|v
| colspan="2" |/f/, /v/
|-
|uw
| colspan="2" |/yu/
!
|w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
| colspan="3" |
!
|z
| colspan="2" |/s/, /z/
|}
==== Vowel shift from European Dutch ====
The vowel shift in Amerikaens began in the mid-17th century in [[New Netherland]], gradually developing until its conclusion in the late 19th century. Some dialects of Amerikaens, such as the Voor dialects of [[Tussenland]], preserve European Dutch pronunciations.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
! colspan="2" |Example
!English
!Notes
|-
|ɪ
|ɛ
|[ɪk] ''ik''
|[ɛk] ''ik''
|'I'
|
|-
|
|
|[wɛx] ''weg''
|[wæχ] ''weg''
|'Road'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |ɑ
|ɑ
|[bɑŋk] ''bank''
|[bɑŋk] ''banck''
|'Couch', 'bench'
|
|-
|ɑː
|[ɑxt] ''acht''
|[ɑːχt] ''agt''
|'Eight'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |ʌ
|[pɑt] ''pad''
|[pʌt] ''padt''
|'Toad'
|
|-
|ʏ
|[lʏxt] ''lucht''
|[lʌχt] ''lught''
|'Sky'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |o
|[os] ''os''
|[ʌs] ''os''
|'Ox'
|
|-
|ɔː
|[ons]
|[ɔːns]
|'Us'
|
|-
|
|iː
|[tin] ''tien''
|[tiːn] ''tîn''
|'Ten'
|
|-
|
|uː
|[stul] ''stoel''
|[stuːl] ''stül''
|'Chair', 'seat'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |eː
|eː
|[ˈne.ɣə(n)] ''negen''
|[ˈneː.χə] ''nege''
|'Nine'
|
|-
|ɛ<sup>ə</sup>, ɛː
|[neːr] ''neer''
|[nɛːr] ''nîr''
|'Near'
|
|-
|
|[eːn] ''een''
|[iːn] ''în''
|'One'
|In dialectal speech.
|-
| rowspan="2" |aː
|ɑː
|[jaːr] ''jaar''
|[jɑːr] ''jaer''
|'Year'
|
|-
|ɔː
|[ˈɦaː.vər] ''haver''
|[ˈhɔː.fər] ''hafer''
|'Oats'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |ɛi
|ɑi
|[ˈstrɛi̯kə(n)] ''strijken''
|[ˈstrɑikə] ''strÿcke''
|'To iron'
|
|-
|æi
|[vɛi̯f] ''vijf''
|[væif] ''vÿf''
|'Five'
|
|-
|œy
|œu
|[ɦœy̯s] ''huis''
|[hœus] ''huys''
|'House'
|
|}
== Orthography ==
Line 302 ⟶ 438:
|aa
|ae
|''Amerik'''aa'''ns''
|''Amerik'''ae'''ns''
|-
|ei
|ey
|''Înh'''ei'''d''
|''Înh'''ey'''dt''
|-
|ui
|uy
|''Fr'''ui'''t''
|''Fr'''uy'''t''
|-
|ij
|ÿ
|''Vr'''ij'''heid''
|''Vr'''ÿ'''heydt''
|-
|uu
|ue
|''Absol'''uu'''t''
|''Absol'''ue'''t''
|-
|ee
|î
|'''''Ee'''nheid''
|'''''Î'''nheydt''
|-
|oo
|ö
|''V'''oo'''rland''
|''V'''ö'''rlandt''
|-
|oe
|ü
|''Daart'''oe'''''
|''Daert'''ü'''''
|-
|m
|mm<ref>This does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.</ref>
|''Ko'''m'''en''
|''Ko'''mm'''e''
|-
|l
|ll
|''Graa'''l'''''
|''Grae'''ll'''''
|-
|k
|ck<ref><ck>, <nowiki><dt>, and <v> only occur at the end of syllables.</nowiki></ref>
|''Boe'''k'''''
|''Boe'''ck'''''
|-
|d
|dt
|''Sta'''d'''''
|''Sta'''dt'''''
|-
|f
|v
|''Kal'''f'''''
|''Kal'''v'''''
|}
Line 522 ⟶ 658:
|-
|De vriend van de man.
|Des mans
|The man's friend.
|L'ami de l'homme.
Line 528 ⟶ 664:
== Vocabulary ==
{{Main|Amerikaens
==== Tongue twisters ====
Line 537 ⟶ 673:
* [[List of languages]]
*[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
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