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{{Infobox language|boxsize=200px|name=Amerikaens|script=Latin|ethnicity=[[Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|ancestor=''Leeg Duits''|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|fam4=Netherlandic|nation=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]]|agency=[[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]]}}
 
'''Amerikaens''' (<small>Amerikaens:</small> /ɑːɑ.mi.riˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language spoken across and native to vast swathes of North America. The language is a descendant of numerous [[Dutch languages|Dutch]] dialects introduced to [[New Netherland]] in the 17th century which were spoken by settlers from [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]]. Distance from Europe, the impact of indigenous and immigrant lects, as well as preservation of archaic dialectal features caused Amerikaens to develop distinguishing characteristics over the next few centuries. In 1910, a standardized orthography devised by the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and based on the prestigious [[New Amsterdam|New Amsterdammer]] accent was adopted.
 
Today, Amerikaens serves as the official language of a number of [[Amerikaener]] states such as [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Boschland]], and several others. Since 1951, it has also become one of the official languages of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. As of the late 20th century, Amerikaens was widely spoken as the native language of the majority of the population of New Netherland, Tussenland (except the provinces of [[Meerenland]] and the Vorstlands), the Free State, and Boschland. It serves as the official ''lingua franca'' of South Tussenland and Opdamsland and a prominent minority language in Mexico and Panama City.
 
==HistoryNomenclature==
In the 17th and 18th centuries, variants of the [[Dutch language]] spoken in America were commonly referred to as ''Nederduytsch'' or ''Lîg Duyts'' ('Low Dutch'). With the independence of New Netherland in the late 18th century, the term ''Amerikaens'' gained popularity as the [[Amerikaener|Amerikaener identity]] formed. The two archaic terms are still used in academia and in casual and regional parlance.
 
In Dutch, the language is generally called ''Amerikaans'' and sometimes ''Amerikaans-Nederlands'' ('American Dutch'), the latter often with paternalistic or patronizing intent. Anglophones use the word ''Amerikaens'' and less often ''American Dutch'', ''New Dutch'', or ''New Netherland Dutch''.
 
==History==
==Phonology==
Due to Amerikaens phonology differing greatly by dialect, the ''Juys Mondordt'' (/jœus mondɔːrt/, 'correct speech') accent of [[New Amsterdam]] is widely considered to be the standard and most prestigious variety of the language. It has 21 consonants, 12 vowels, and 6 diphthong phonemes.
 
==== Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
!Alveolar
! Post-alveolar
!Dorsal
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
| n
|
|ŋ
Line 28 ⟶ 32:
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
| p
| t
|
|k
Line 38 ⟶ 42:
|d
|
| g
|
|-
Line 52 ⟶ 56:
|f
|s
| ʃ
|χ
| h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|v
|z
Line 65 ⟶ 69:
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|w
| l
|
| j
|
|-
Line 81 ⟶ 85:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="3" |Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
Line 91 ⟶ 95:
!<small>tense</small>
|-
! Close
|i
|y
Line 133 ⟶ 137:
|
|-
! Mid
|œu
|ɔi
| rowspan="2" |ɑu
|-
Line 141 ⟶ 145:
|
|ɑi
|}
|}
 
====Sound changes from Dutch====
[[File:Utrecht picture.png|thumb|397x397px|The dialect of Utrecht is by far the most similar to the ''Juys Mondordt'' accent of New Netherland.]]
The ''Juys Mondordt'' accent, as well as several other Amerikaens varieties, are incredibly phonologically distinct from the [[Dutch language|standard Dutch]] of [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] and non-American [[Batavosphere]] countries. The phonological base for Amerikaens largely rests upon the lects spoken by the founding settlers — dialects which evidently share a strong similarity with modern dialects spoken in Utrecht, north Brabant, and south Holland. Generally, short front vowels were lowered while long front vowels were backed; meanwhile, back vowels were variously raised, rounded and umlaut-ed. This vowel shift can be described as counterclockwise (''Linksom''). Consonants remain relatively closer to Dutch despite some undergoing palatalization and mergers.
 
Other phonological traits Amerikaens possesses that differentiates it from the standard Dutch of the Netherlands include:
Additionally, consonants in the middle of words have experienced lenition. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was realized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. Deletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' ('police').
 
*Lenition of word-medial consonants, such as ''tie'' /tsi/ becoming ''sie'' /si/.
*Deletion of word-final sounds, most commonly ''n'' /n/ and ''e'' /ə/.
*Dutch ''uw'' /yu/ becoming ''ouw'' /ɑu/, as characteristic of the Brabant and Utrecht dialects.
 
Consonants in the middle of words have experienced lenition. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was realized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. Deletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' ('police').
 
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
!Context
 
Line 167 ⟶ 178:
|/ɛ/ > /æ/
|-
| /aː/ > /ɔː/
|-
|/aː/ > /ɑː/
|-
|/ɔ/ > /o/
|-
|/oː/ > /u/
Line 178 ⟶ 189:
|/oː/ > /øː/
|-
| /u/ > /øː/
|-
| All contexts
|/øː/ > /œː/
|-
Line 186 ⟶ 197:
|/ʏ/ > /ə/
|-
| rowspan="3" | Syllable-medial, final
|/œy/ > /œu/
|-
| /ɛi/ > /ɑi/
|-
|/eːu/ > /iu/
Line 197 ⟶ 208:
 
|-
| /oːi/ > /ui/
|-
|/ɔu/ > /ɑu/
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! Context
! Sound change
|-
| rowspan="4" |Syllable-initial
Line 211 ⟶ 222:
|/sj/ > /ʃ/
|-
| /tj/ > /t͡ʃ/
|-
|/ɦ/ > /h/
Line 224 ⟶ 235:
 
==Orthography==
[[File:Nicholas de Haze.png|left|thumb|337x337px|[[Nicholas de Haze]] (1739–1798), prominent Flemish-American linguist and grammarian.]]
Modern Amerikaens orthography is based on a number of phonemic innovations and historical principles inherited from [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. The formal language was largely written in line with the mainstream Dutch orthographic standard until the late 19th century, when indigenous orthography gradually came to predominate in media, education, and government. In 1886, the popular [[New Netherland]] newspaper [[De Amerikaense Telegraef]] was among the first publications to diverge from the Dutch standard. In 1903, the Amerikaens Taelkomisie, a regulatory institution for the Amerikaens language, was established by Raedpensionaris [[Bartelmees van Haerst|Mees van Haerst]]. Seven years later, the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] was published, creating a standardized orthography for the language. Aside from the nativization of loan words and minor spelling corrections, Amerikaens orthography has remained largely unchanged since 1910.
Modern Amerikaens orthography is based on a number of phonemic innovations and historical principles inherited from [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. In 1903, the Amerikaens Taelkomisie, a regulatory institution for the Amerikaens language, was established by Raedpensionaris [[Bartelmees van Haerst|Mees van Haerst]]. Seven years later, the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] was published with the [[Law of New Netherland|Placaet]] of 19 August 1910, creating a standardized orthography for the language. Aside from the nativization of loan words and minor spelling corrections, Amerikaens orthography has remained largely unchanged since then.
 
====Orthographic innovations====
Many features of the language's orthography is consistent with the tendencies of 17th century Dutch spelling and dialectal phonemic spelling, while others are inherited from other Germanic languages or are completely indigenous innovations.
Many innovative features found in modern Amerikaens orthography were popularized by their use in Amerikaener publications and works of the 19th century, most notably the newspaper [[De Amerikaense Telegraef]].
 
*The digraphs ''oo'' and ''oe'' have beenwere converted to the German-derived accented vowels ''ö'' and ''ü'' respectively. These letters were initially adopted from German to show i-umlaut in closed syllables but eventually came to replace the previous digraphs completely, whether the vowel is phonologically fronted or not. For example, both ''zön'' (/zøːn/, 'son', Dutch ''zoon'') and ''dü'' (/du/ 'do', Dutch ''doe'') use umlauted letters, despite only ''zön'' being phonologically umlautedfronted.
*Numerous archaic spellings from early modern Dutch orthography have been preserved in Amerikaens, such as ''ae'' for ''aa'', ''ÿ'' for ''ij'', ''ey'' for ''ei'', ''uy'' for ''ui'', and ''ue'' for ''uu''. Additionally, one might occassionally find ''dt'' for final ''d, k'' for final ''ck'', and the doubling of ''m'' and ''l'' to ''mm'' and ''ll'' in the middle of words.
*Many words formerly ending in -''f'' are instead spelled with a -''v'', showing either their derviation from inflected forms, the influence of Scandanavian orthography, or the consonant's phonological voicing.
 
The Dutch digraph ''ee'' became ''î'' to express the raising of /eː/ > /i/ in certain contexts, but similarly came to replace ''ee'' completely regardless if the specific phonological change was realized.
====Alphabet====
Amerikaens is generally recognized as having 44 distinct standard graphemes representing 39 phonemes and diphthongs, not including less common digraphs, trigraphs, and tetragraphs.
 
====Preservation of archaic features====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable floatright"
!A
! Amerikaens
!Ae
!Modern Dutch
!Ai
!Au
!Auw
!B
!C
!D
!E
!Ey
!Eu
!F
!G
!Gh
!H
!I
!Î
!Ie
!J
!K
!L
!M
|-
| ae
|/ɑ/
|aa
|/ɑː/
|-
|/ɑi/
|ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/
|/b/ij
|-
|/s/, /k/
|ey
|ei
|-
| uy
|ui
|-
|ue
|uu
|-
|dt
|d
|-
|k
|ck
|-
|v
|f
|}
Amerikaens has preserved many archaic orthographic features, both standard and dialectal, used in the Netherlands from the 16th to 19th centuries. One may trace early consolidation of these retentions to the ''Nieuw-Nederduytsch spraekkonst'' by Flemish-American grammarian [[Nicholas de Haze]] in 1775. De Haze's native Flanders, unlike Holland and much like New Netherland, had little to no standardized spelling among any class of people during much of the 18th century, allowing rarer and unconventional forms to survive into the 20th century and beyond.
 
One of the landmark texts that firmly established the preservation of these spellings was the First Constitution of 1797 passed during the early stadtholdership of [[Marÿn van der Beeke]], which was written with the graphemes ''ÿ'', ''ae'', ''uy'', and ''ue'' — ones that had become largely outdated for the upper classes of Holland at the time.
====Sound to spelling correspondences====
Amerikaens has 50 regularly-occurring graphemes which represent its 39 standard consonants, vowels, and diphthong phonemes. A number of exceptions to the table below exist, albeit small, as do a handful of rarer graphemes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Consonants
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!<small>Major</small>
!<small>Minor</small>
|-
|'''b'''
| colspan="2" |/b/
|-
|'''c, ch'''
| colspan="2" |/s/, /k/, /t͡ʃ/
|-
|'''d'''
|/d/
|/t/
|/ɛ(<sup>ə</sup>)/, /ə/
|-
|/ɑi/
|'''f'''
|/œː/
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
| colspan="2" |/g/, /χ/
|'''g'''
| colspan="2" | /g/, /χ/
|-
|'''gh'''
| colspan="2" |/χ/
|-
|'''h'''
|/h/
|∅
|/i/, /ɛ/
|/i/, /ɛ<sup>ə</sup>/
|/i/
|/j/
|/k/
|/l/
|/m/
|-
|'''j'''
!N
| colspan="2" |/j/
!Ng
!O
!Ö
!Oi
!Ou
!Ouw
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Sch
!T
!U
!Ü
!Ue
!Uy
!Uw
!V
!W
!Ÿ
!Z
|-
|'''k'''
|/n/
| colspan="2" |/k/
|/ŋ/
|-
|/ɔː/, /o/
|'''l'''
|/øː/, /u/, /o/
| colspan="2" |/l/
|/ɔi/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/
|'''m'''
|/p/
| colspan="2" |/m/
|/k/
|/r/-
|'''n'''
|/s/
| colspan="2" |/n/
|/ʃ/
|/t/-
|'''ng'''
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
|'''p'''
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
|'''r'''
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
|'''s'''
| colspan="2" |/s/
|-
|'''sch'''
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
|'''t, th'''
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|'''tsch'''
| colspan="2" |/t͡ʃ/
|-
|'''v'''
| colspan="2" |/v/
|-
|'''w'''
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
|'''z, zh'''
| colspan="2" |/z/
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Vowels and combinations
! rowspan="2" |Spelling
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!<small>Major</small>
!<small>Minor</small>
|-
|'''a'''
|/ɑ/
|/ɑː/, /ə/
|-
| '''ae'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/
|-
|'''aei'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑːi/
|-
|'''ai'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/
|-
|'''au, auw'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/
|-
|'''e'''
|/ɛ/, /ɛ<sup>ə</sup>/, /æ/
|/ə/
|-
|/øː/, /u/
|'''ey'''
|/y/
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/
|/œu/
|-
|/yu/
|'''eu'''
|/v/
| colspan="2" |/œː/
|/w/
|-
|/ɑi/, /i/
|'''i'''
|/z/
|/i/, /ɛ/
|/ə/
|-
|'''î'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/i/
|-
| '''ie'''
|-
|'''ieuw'''
| colspan="2" |/iu/
|-
|'''o'''
| colspan="2" |/o/, /ɔː/
|-
| '''ö'''
|/øː/
|[oː], /u/
|-
|'''oi, öi'''
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|-
|'''ou, ouw'''
| colspan="2" | /ɑu/
|-
|'''u'''
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
|'''ü'''
|/øː/
|/u/
|-
|'''üi'''
| colspan="2" |/ui/
|-
|'''uy'''
| colspan="2" |/œu/
|-
| '''ue'''
| colspan="2" | /y/
|-
|'''ÿ'''
|/ɑi/
|/i/
|}
|}
 
== Grammar==
Compared to other Germanic languages, Amerikaens is considered weakly inflected, genderless, and by far more analytic of a language. The simplification of several features is usually attributed to the language's early role as a ''lingua franca'' between several ethnolinguistic groups.
 
====Nouns and pronouns====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Amerikaens pronouns
! Person
!Subject
!Object
Line 338 ⟶ 452:
|-
|1st singular
|Ik (''<nowiki/>'k'')
|Mÿ (''me'')
|Mÿn (''men'')
Line 345 ⟶ 459:
 
|Jÿ (''je'')
|Jou (''ju'')
|Jouw (''juw'')
|-
|3rd singular, masculine
| Hÿ (''he'')
|Hem (''em'')
| Hÿs (''hes'')
|-
|3rd singular, feminine
|Sÿ (''se'')
|Her (''er'')
Line 359 ⟶ 473:
|-
|1st plural
|Wÿ (''we'')
 
| colspan="2" |Ons
|-
Line 369 ⟶ 484:
|3rd plural, for a person
| colspan="2" |Hun
| Huns
|-
|3rd plural, for an object
| colspan="2" |It
|Its
|}
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s'' (/s/ or /z/). If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' (/ən/) is added instead in order to signify plurality.
 
Amerikaens also preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the early 18th century most probably was influenced by the [[English language]].
 
* Dutch ''de vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' → Amerikaens ''des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'
 
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is needed.
Line 410 ⟶ 525:
!English
|-
! Proximal
| colspan="2" |dese
|This, these
Line 417 ⟶ 532:
| colspan="2" |dat
 
| That, those
|-
!Possessive
Line 433 ⟶ 548:
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
!<small>Pronoun</small>
!<small>Auxiliary verb</small>
!<small>Infinitive</small>
|-
! Present
| rowspan="6" |Ik
|∅
| rowspan="6" |ît
Line 445 ⟶ 560:
|-
!Past
| hab
|Ik at
|I ate
|-
!Future
|zhal
| Ik zal eten
| I will eat
|-
!Present continuous
| dü
|Ik ben aan het eten
| I am eating
|-
!Past continuous
Line 467 ⟶ 582:
|zhal dü
|Ik zal eten
|I will be eating
|}
 
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