Amerikaens: Difference between revisions
Returned Orthography section- do not remove huge chunks of content without replacing them
(Redid phonology and reformatted; will do updated orthography section later.) |
ElBortoTexas (talk | contribs) (Returned Orthography section- do not remove huge chunks of content without replacing them) |
||
Line 1:
{{Infobox language|boxsize=200px|name=Amerikaens|script=Latin|ethnicity=[[Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|ancestor=''Leeg Duits''|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|fam4=Netherlandic|nation=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City
'''Amerikaens''' (<small>Amerikaens:</small> /ɑː.mi.riˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language spoken across and native to vast swathes of North America. The language is a descendant of numerous [[Dutch languages|Dutch]] dialects introduced to [[New Netherland]] in the 17th century which were spoken by settlers from [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]]. Distance from Europe, the impact of indigenous and immigrant lects, as well as preservation of archaic dialectal features caused Amerikaens to develop distinguishing characteristics over the next few centuries. In 1910, a standardized orthography devised by the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and based on the prestigious [[New Amsterdam|New Amsterdammer]] accent was adopted.
Line 223:
==Orthography==
Amerikaens
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Dutch
|aa
|d
|ee
|ei
|f
|ij
| k
|l
|m
|oo
|oe
|ui
|uu
|-
!Amerikaens
|ae
|dt{{ref|l}}
|î
|ey
|v{{ref|l}}
|ÿ
|ck
|ll{{ref|m}}
|mm{{ref|m}}
|ö
|ü
| uy
|ue
|}The use of ''ö'' and ''ü'' has been controversial as they represent entirely different phonetic values in Amerikaens compared to all other Germanic languages, thus creating confusion. Numerous orthographic reforms have been proposed in order to address issues such as this. However they have all been rejected by the Taelkomisie, which has been characterized as a conservative institution in modern times.
====Sound change====
Lenition is prevalent in Amerikaens, especially affecting consonants in the middle of words. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was realized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. Deletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' (/pʌ.ˈliː.si/, lit. 'police').*Dutch ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'' (/təˈvreː.də/, lit. content, satisfied)
*Dutch ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd'' (/zæit/, lit. said)
====Letter-sound correspondence====
Amerikaens uses a number of graphemes to represent sounds, including several digraphs, trigraphs, and quadgraphs.
{|
|+
| style="vertical-align: top" |{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!<small>initial</small>
!<small>final</small>
|-
!b
|/b/
|/b/, /p/
|-
!ch
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
!d
|/d/
|/d/, /t/
|-
!dj
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /dʲ/
|-
!f
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
!gh
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/χ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |g
|-
|/g/
|/k/
|-
! h
| colspan="2" |/h/, Ø
|-
!j
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
!k
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
!l
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
!m
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
! n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
!ng
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
!p
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
!r
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
!s
|/s/
|/s/, /z/
|-
! sj
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/, /sʲ/
|-
!sch
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
!t
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
!tsch
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/tʃ/
|-
!tch
|-
!v
| /v/
|/v/, /f/
|-
!w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
!z
| colspan="2" |/z/
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!<small>checked</small>
!<small>free</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |a
| /ɑ(ː)/, /ʌ/
| /ɑ(ː)/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
! ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/
|-
!aei
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/ɑ(ː)i/
|-
!ai
|-
!au(w)
| colspan="2" |/ɑw(ː)/, /ɔw(ː)/
|-
! rowspan="2" |e
|/ɛ/
|/eː/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
!ey
| colspan="2" |/æi/
|-
!eu
| colspan="2" |/y(ː)/, /œ(ː)/
|-
! rowspan="2" |i
|/ɛ/
|/i(ː)/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
! î
| colspan="2" |/eː/
|-
!ie
| colspan="2" | /i(ː)/
|-
!ieuw
| colspan="2" |/iw/
|-
!o
| colspan="2" |/o(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/
|-
!ö
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|-
!oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|-
!ou(w)
| colspan="2" |/ɔw/
|-
!u
|/ʌ/, /y/, /œ(ː)/
|/yː/
|-
!ü
| colspan="2" |/uː/
|-
!uy
| colspan="2" |/œu/
|-
!ue
| colspan="2" |/y(ː)/
|-
!ÿ
|/i(ː)/
|/ɑi/, /æi/
|}
|}
==Grammar==
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have one of the, if not the simplest syntax and morphology among the Germanic languages.
| |||