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{{Infobox language|boxsize=200px|name=<center> Amerikaens|pronunciationscript=Latin|ethnicity=[ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns[Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|ancestor=''Leeg Duits''|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|fam4=Netherlandic|nation=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]|agency=[[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]]|script=Latin|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|dialects=(see [[Amerikaens#Varieties_and_distribution|dialects]])|protoname=Duits|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|nativename=''Amerikaens''}}
 
'''Amerikaens''' (<small>Amerikaens:</small> /ɑː.mi.riˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language spoken across and native to vast swathes of North America. The language is a descendant of numerous [[Dutch languages|Dutch]] dialects introduced to [[New Netherland]] in the 17th century which were spoken by settlers from [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]]. Distance from Europe, the impact of indigenous and immigrant lects, as well as preservation of archaic dialectal features caused Amerikaens to develop distinguishing characteristics over the next few centuries. In 1910, a standardized orthography devised by the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and based on the prestigious [[New Amsterdam|New Amsterdammer]] accent was adopted.
'''Amerikaens''' ([ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]) is a Netherlandic language of the Germanic language family widely spoken across northern America. It initially evolved from a number of [[Dutch language|Dutch]] dialects spoken in [[New Netherland]] during the 17th and 18th centuries, incorporating influences from immigrant languages such as [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and German varieties. It began to be widely recognized as an independent language during the late 18th century, leading to its gradual standardization.
 
Today, itAmerikaens serves as the official language of a number of [[Amerikaener]] states such as [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Boschland]], and several others. Since 19101951, theit languagehas hadalso maintainedbecome aone standard literary form promulgated byof the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and codified in an official encyclopediclanguages dictionary known asof the [[Taelbück]]. The New Netherland accent is often considered the most prestigious formAssociation of theNorth spokenAmerican language and thus is generally imitated in formal media and politicsNations]].
 
==NomenclatureHistory==
Speakers of early forms of Amerikaens mainly referred to their language as ''Lîg Duyts'' ('Low Dutch', ''Leeg Duits'' in European orthography), a dated term referring to Low German and Dutch dialects. With the independence of New Netherland in the late 18th century, the term ''Amerikaens'' gained prominence in accordance with the rise of Amerikaener ethnic identity and the formation of a new national consciousness.
 
==Phonology==
The Dutch term for the language is ''Amerikaans'', while some English speakers may refer to the language simply as 'American Dutch', a term which has been deemed inaccurate and misleading by the Amerikaens Taelkomisie.
Due to Amerikaens phonology differing greatly by dialect, the ''Juys Mondordt'' (/jœus mondɔːrt/, 'correct speech') accent of [[New Amsterdam]] is widely considered to be the standard and most prestigious variety of the language. It has 21 consonants, 12 vowels, and 6 diphthong phonemes.
 
==History== Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
==Varieties and distribution==
! colspan="2" |
==Phonology==
! Labial
Since Amerikaens pronunciation differs greatly across the American continent, the prestige accent of New Netherland is often referred to as the standard. It has a native phonemic inventory of 25 consonants and 17 vowels, though the phonetic realization of them varies according to the speaker's socioeconomic, ethnic, and regional background.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Consonants
!
!Labial
!Alveolar
! Post-alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Dorsal
! Glottal
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
| n
|
|ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
|p pʰ b
|t tʰ dp
| t
| tʃ{{ref|a}}
|
|k kʰ g
|k
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!Fricative
|b
| f v{{ref|b}}{{ref|e}}
|d
|s z{{ref|b}}
| ʃ{{ref|a}} ʒ
|χ{{ref|c}}
|h{{ref|d}}
|-
!Approximant
| w{{ref|e}}
| l{{ref|f}}
|
|j g
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
!Rhotic
|
|r{{ref|g}}
|
|t͡ʃ 
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Back
! colspan="2" |Diphthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>roundedvoiceless</small>
|f
!
|s
!<small>unrounded</small>
|ʃ
!<small>rounded</small>
|χ
!<small>front</small>
| h
!<small>back</small>
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
!Close
|v
|i iː
|yːz
|
|
| u(ː){{ref|h}}
|iw
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
!Close-mid
|eːw
|l
|
| j
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="3" |r
|o(ː)
|
|
|}
 
====Vowels====
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="3" |Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
!Mid
! rowspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
|ɛ{{ref|i}}
|œ œː{{ref|j}}
|ə
|ʌ
|ɔ ɔː{{ref|k}}
|œu
|ɔw ɔi
|-
!<small>lax</small>
! Near-open
!<small>tense</small>
|æ æː{{ref|i}}
|-
! Close
|i
|y
|
|u
|
|æi
|
|-
!Close-mid
! Open
 
|
|øː
|
|o
|
|ɑ ɑː{{ref|k}}
|
|
|ɑw ɑi
|}
 
====Amerikaens vowel shift====
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Amerikaens underwent a mostly qualitative vowel shift. Front short vowels were lowered, open vowels were backed or rounded, some vowels were lengthened, and two had experienced mergers ([ʏ] → /ʌ/, [ø] → /œ/) likely due to non-Dutch influences. In total, four vowels found in Dutch were either eliminated or never adopted ([aː], [ʏ], [ø], [ɪ]) in Amerikaens. Diphthongs had also changed during this process: [œy] to [œu] and ''ij'' [ɛi] to ''ÿ'' [ɑi]/[æi].
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
!Mid
|ɪ
|ɛ
|œː
|[ɪk] ''ik''
|ə
|[ɛk] ''ik''
|ɔː
|'I'
|
|-
!Open
|ɛ
|æ
|
|[wɛx] ''weg''
|
|[wæχ] ''weg''
|'Road'
|-
| rowspan="3" |ɑ
|ɑ
|[bɑŋk] ''bank''
| [bɑŋk] ''banck''
|'Bench'
|-
|ɑː
|}
|[ɑxt] ''acht''
| style="vertical-align: top" |
|[ɑːχt] ''agt''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|'Eight'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!<small>fronting</small>
| rowspan="3" |ʌ
!<small>backing</small>
|[pɑt] ''pad''
| [pʌt] ''padt''
|'Toad'
|-
!Close
|ʏ
|iu
|[lʏxt] ''lucht''
|ui
|[lʌχt] ''lught''
|
 
|'Sky'
 
|-
!Mid
| rowspan="3" |o
|[os] ''os''
|[ʌs] ''os''
|'Ox'
|-
|o
|[oːk] ''ook''
|[oːk] ''ök''
|'Also'
|-
|ɔː
|[ons]
|[ɔːns]
|'Us'
|-
|i
|iː
|[tin] ''tien''
|[tiːn] ''tîn''
|'Ten'
|-
|u
|uː
|[stul] ''stoel''
|[stuːl] ''stül''
|'Chair', 'seat'
|-
| rowspan="3" |eː
|eː
|[ˈne.ɣə(n)] ''negen''
|[ˈneː.χə] ''nege''
|'Nine'
|-
| ɛ<sup>ə</sup>, ɛː
|[neːr] ''neer''
|[nɛːr] ''nîr''
|'Near'
|-
|iː
|[eːn] ''een''
| [iːn] ''în''
|'One'
|-
| rowspan="2" |aː
|ɑː
|[jaːr] ''jaar''
|[jɑːr] ''jaer''
|'Year'
|-
|ɔː
|[ˈɦaː.vər] ''haver''
|[ˈhɔː.fər] ''hafer''
|'Oats'
|-
| rowspan="2" |ɛi
|ɑi
|[ˈstrɛi̯kə(n)] ''strijken''
|[ˈstrɑikə] ''strÿcke''
|'To iron'
|-
|æi
|[vɛi̯f] ''vijf''
| [væif] ''vÿf''
|'Five'
|-
|ø
|œ
|[nøːs] ''neus''
|[nœz] ''neus''
|'Nose'
|-
|œy
|œu
|ɔi
|[ɦœy̯s] ''huis''
| rowspan="2" |ɑu
|[hœus] ''huys''
|'House'
|}
==Orthography==
Amerikaens orthography was first widely standardized by law in 1910 with the publication of the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] in New Netherland. Since then, the Taelbück has been considered the unequivocal authority on Amerikaens spelling in north America. Its conventions, derived mainly from old Dutch orthography, has also incorporated innovations by formalizing the use of diacritics.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Dutch
|aa
|d
|ee
|ei
|f
|ij
|k
|l
|m
|oo
|oe
|ui
|uu
|-
!Open
!Amerikaens
|ae
|ɑi
|dt{{ref|l}}
|î}
|ey
|v{{ref|l}}
|ÿ
|ck
|ll{{ref|m}}
|mm{{ref|m}}
|ö
|ü
|uy
|ue
|}
The use of ''ö'' and ''ü'' has been controversial as they represent entirely different phonetic values in Amerikaens compared to all other Germanic languages, thus creating confusion. Numerous orthographic reforms have been proposed in order to address issues such as this. However they have all been rejected by the Taelkomisie, which has been characterized as a conservative institution in modern times.
====Sound change====
Lenition is prevalent in Amerikaens, especially affecting consonants in the middle of words. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was realized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. Deletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' (/pʌ.ˈliː.si/, lit. 'police').
*Dutch ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'' (/təˈvreː.də/, lit. content, satisfied)
* Dutch ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd'' (/zæit/, lit. said)
 
====Differences from Dutch ====
====Letter-sound correspondence====
The ''Juys Mondordt'' accent, as well as several other Amerikaens varieties, are incredibly phonologically distinct from the [[Dutch language|standard Dutch]] of [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] and non-American [[Batavosphere]] countries. The phonological base for Amerikaens largely rests upon the lects spoken by the founding settlers — dialects which evidently share a strong similarity with modern dialects spoken in Utrecht, north Brabant, and south Holland.
Amerikaens uses a number of graphemes to represent sounds, including several digraphs, trigraphs, and quadgraphs.
 
Generally, short front vowels were lowered while long front vowels were backed; meanwhile, back vowels were variously raised, rounded and umlaut-ed. This vowel shift can be described as counterclockwise (''Linksom''). Consonants remain relatively closer to Dutch despite some undergoing palatalization and mergers.
 
{|
|+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
!Context
|+Consonants
!Sound change
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
|All contexts
!<small>initial</small>
|/eː/ > /i/
! <small>final</small>
|-
|Syllable-medial
!b
|/eː/ > /ɛ<sup>ə</sup>/
|/b/
|/b/, /p/
|-
| rowspan="6" |All contexts
!ch
|/ɪ/ >/ɛ/
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
| /ɛ/ > /æ/
!d
|/d/
|/d/, /t/
|-
|/aː/ > /ɔː/
!dj
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /dʲ/
|-
|/aː/ > /ɑː/
!f
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
|/ɔ/ > /o/
!gh
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/χ/
|-
|/oː/ > /u/
! rowspan="2" |g
|-
| rowspan="2" |Closed syllable, not before /t/, /s/, /nt/, /ɑr/
|/g/
|/oː/ > /øː/
|/k/
|-
|/u/ > /øː/
!h
| colspan="2" |/h/, Ø
|-
|All contexts
!j
|/øː/ > /œː/
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|Closed syllable
!k
|/ʏ/ colspan="2"> |/kə/
|-
| rowspan="3" | Syllable-medial, final
!l
|/œy/ > /œu/
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|/ɛi/ > /ɑi/
!m
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|/eːu/ > /iu/
!n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
| rowspan="3" |All contexts
!ng
|/aːi/ > /ɔi/
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
 
|-
|/oːi/ > /ui/
!p
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
|/ɔu/ > /ɑu/
!r
|}
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
!s
|/s/
|/s/, /z/
|-
!sj
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/, /sʲ/
|-
!sch
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
!t
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
!tsch
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/tʃ/
|-
!tch
|-
!v
|/v/
|/v/, /f/
|-
!w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
!z
| colspan="2" |/z/
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
!Context
|+Vowels
!Sound change
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
| rowspan="4" |Syllable-initial
! <small>checked</small>
|/sx/ > /ʃ/
!<small>free</small>
|-
|/sj/ > /ʃ/
! rowspan="2" |a
|/ɑ(ː)/, /ʌ/
|/ɑ(ː)/
|-
|/tj/ > /t͡ʃ/
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
|/ɦ/ > /h/
!ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/
|-
| rowspan="2" |All contexts
!aei
|/ɣ/ > /χ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/ɑ(ː)i/
|-
|/x/ > /χ/
!ai
 
|-
|}
!au(w)
| colspan="2" |/ɑw(ː)/, /ɔw(ː)/
|-
! rowspan="2" |e
|/ɛ/
|/eː/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
!ey
| colspan="2" |/æi/
|-
!eu
| colspan="2" |/y(ː)/, /œ(ː)/
|-
! rowspan="2" |i
|/ɛ/
|/i(ː)/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
!î
| colspan="2" |/eː/
|-
!ie
| colspan="2" |/i(ː)/
|-
!ieuw
| colspan="2" |/iw/
|-
!o
| colspan="2" |/o(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/
|-
!ö
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|-
!oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|-
!ou(w)
| colspan="2" |/ɔw/
|-
!u
|/ʌ/, /y/, /œ(ː)/
|/yː/
|-
!ü
| colspan="2" |/uː/
|-
!uy
| colspan="2" |/œu/
|-
!ue
| colspan="2" |/y(ː)/
|-
!ÿ
|/i(ː)/
|/ɑi/, /æi/
|}
|}
==Grammar==
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have one of the, if not the simplest syntax and morphology of the Germanic languages. The loss and simplification of several features is usually attributed to the language's early role as a ''lingua franca'' between several ethnolinguistic groups.
 
====Nouns==Orthography==
Amerikaens uses a heavily modified form of the Latin alphabet The language's orthography was first formally standardized in 1910 with the publication of the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] in New Netherland. Since then, the Taelbück has been considered the unequivocal authority on Amerikaens orthography in North America. Its conventions, derived mainly from old Dutch orthography, has also incorporated innovations and formalized the use of diacritics.
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s''. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is added to signify plurality.
 
==Grammar==
*''kind'' 'child' → ''kinds'' 'children'
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have one of the, if not the simplest syntax and morphology among the Germanic languages.
*''cÿns'' 'feudal tax' → ''cÿnsen'' 'feudal taxes'
 
====Nouns and pronouns====
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the late 17th century most probably was influenced by English.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
 
! Person
*Dutch ''de vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' → Amerikaens ''des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'
 
====Pronouns====
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Person
!Subject
!Object
!Possessive
|-
| 1st singular
|Ik (''<nowiki/>'k'')
|Mÿ (''me'')
| Mÿn (''men'')
|-
|2nd singular
 
|Jÿ (''je'')
|Jÿ (''je'')
| Jou (''ju'')
|Jouw (''juw'')
|-
|3rd singular, masculine
|Hÿ (''he'')
|Hem (''em'')
Line 501 ⟶ 261:
|-
|2nd plural
 
| colspan="2" |Jul
| Juls
|-
| 3rd plural, for a person
| colspan="2" |Hun
|Huns
Line 512 ⟶ 273:
|Its
|}
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s''. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is added to signify plurality. Amerikaens also preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the early 18th century most probably was influenced by [[English language|English]].
 
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.
====Determiners ====
 
Only two articles, a definitive (''de'') and an indefinitive (''în''), exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlands'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
==== Determiners ====
Only two articles, a definitive (''de'') and an indefinitive (''în''), exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlands'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
 
Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal incidates that they are far away.
 
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
Line 522 ⟶ 292:
!Indefinite
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="2" |de
|în (''<nowiki/>'n'')
|-
!Genitive
|des
|der
|îns (''<nowiki/>'ns'')
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal incidates that they are far away.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
Line 542 ⟶ 312:
| colspan="2" |dese
|'This', 'these'
 
|-
!Distal
| colspan="2" |dat
 
|'That', 'those'
|-
!Possessive
|dies
|dier
|'Their's', 'the latter's'
|}
|}
 
====Verbs====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses; they do not conjugate or inflect. The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Tense
! Form
!Amerikaens
! Dutch
!English
|-
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
|''Ît(e)''
|''Eten''
|''(To) eat''
 
|-
!Present
|Pronoun + verb
|''Ik ît''
|''Ik eet''
|''I eat''
|-
Line 580 ⟶ 350:
|''Ik at''
|''I ate''
 
|-
!Future
 
|Pronoun + ''zhal'' + verb
|''Ik zhal ît''
Line 592 ⟶ 364:
|Pronoun + ''dü'' + verb
|''Ik dü ît''
| ''Ik ben aan het eten''
| ''I am eating''
|-
!Past
Line 599 ⟶ 371:
|''Ik dîd ît''
|''Ik was aan het eten''
| ''I was eating''
|-
!Future
Line 607 ⟶ 379:
|''I will be eating''
|}
Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses; they do not conjugate or inflect. The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.
==Vocabulary==
 
{{Main|Amerikaens vocabulary}}
 
 
Amerikaens vocabulary is predominately Germanic in origin with significant Latinate and indigenous American influences. The language has also adopted numerous terms from [[Corean language|Corean]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], as well as Slavic and Semitic languages following waves of immigration to Amerikaener northern America in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some varieties of Amerikaens may show marked influence from a particular language; for example, 20% of the lexicon of [[Amerikaens Free State|Free Stater]] Amerikaens derives from [[Spanish language|Spanish]].
 
==Notes==
#{{note|a}}/tʃ/'s allophones include [tɕ], [dʒ], and [c], while /ʃ/ can be realized as [ɕ].
# {{note|b}}While the majority of speakers tend to devoice voiced consonants in final position, a significant portion of Amerikaens speakers retain them. This can be attributed to the loss of Dutch assimilation rules in some dialects and sociolects.
# {{note|c}}/χ/ formed as a merger of the original Dutch phonemes [ɣ] and [x]. Before the semi-vowel /j/, it can be fronted to [ç].
#{{note|d}}/h/ has two allophones, [h] and [ɦ].
#{{note|e}}The Dutch /ʋ/ split into phonemes /w/ and /v/ in Amerikaens.
#{{note|f}}Amerikaens speakers of a Slavic background often velarize /l/ as [ɫ] more than others.
#{{note|g}}/r/ has numerous allophones; [r], [ʁ], [ɹ] and [ɾ].
#{{note|h}}Allophones of /u/ include [u], [uː], and [ʊ].
#{{note|i}}A process of front vowel lowering occured in Amerikaens. Dutch [ɪ] lowered to [ɛ], [ɛ] to [æ]
#{{note|j}}Dutch [ø] and [œ] have lost distinction, with both having phonemically merged into /œ/.
#{{note|k}}Dutch /aː/, a development of the late 17th century, corresponds to phonemes /ɑː/ and /ɔː/ in Amerikaens. This phonological feature, characteristic of the southern [[Netherlands]], was brought to the [[Amerikaener]] world by the earliest settlers.
#{{note|l}}Occurs in word-final position.
#{{note|m}}Occurs in word-medial and word-final position.
 
==See also==
*[[List of languages]]
*[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
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