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m (Changed French-based 3rd person plural pronouns from les and leu to hun and huns. Those pronouns being French derived really made no sense (they were my doing).)
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{{Infobox language|name=<center> Amerikaens|pronunciation=[ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]|nation=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]|agency=[[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]]|script=Latin|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|dialects=(see [[Amerikaens#Varieties_and_distribution|dialects]])|protoname=Duits|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Amerikaens
| image = Description of New Netherland (as it is Today) WDL4071.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| imagecaption =A page from a 1655 book by the first Director-General [[Adriaen van der Donck]].
| nativename = Amerikaens
| pronunciation = [ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]
| states = [[New Netherland]]
| ethnicity = [[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
| fam1 = Scythian
| dialects = [[Amerikaens#Dialects|Amerikaens dialects]]
| script = Latin
| nation = [[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]
| minority =[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]
|boxsize=200px|ancestor=Bergen Dutch|fam2=Germanic|fam3=Dutch|agency=[[Amerikaense Taelkomisie]]}}'''Amerikaens''' (/ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language and daughter language of [[Dutch]] spoken primarily by [[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]] across a vast area of North America. It evolved from dialects of Bergen Dutch spoken in [[History of New Netherland|17th century New Netherland]], eventually developing several different varieties as well as a standard register over the following centuries. It serves as a primary and official language in the states of [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[South Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[Opdamsland]], and [[Boschland]]. Amerikaens is also spoken by minority communities in nearby Latino countries such as [[Mexico]] and [[Colombia]].
 
'''Amerikaens''' ([ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]) is a Netherlandic language of the Germanic language family widely spoken across northern America. It initially evolved from a number of [[Dutch language|Dutch]] dialects spoken in [[New Netherland]] during the 17th and 18th centuries, incorporating influences from immigrant languages such as [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and German varieties. It began to be widely recognized as an independent language during the late 18th century, leading to its gradual standardization.
The language developed an independent identity during the course of the 18th century. In the early 20th century, a common literary variety of Amerikaens was formally standardized in New Netherland and Tussenland. As a consequence, this register of Amerikaens is the predominant form of the language used in government, education, and literature today.
 
Today, it serves as the official language of a number of [[Amerikaener]] states such as [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Boschland]], and several others. Since 1910, the language had maintained a standard literary form promulgated by the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and codified in an official encyclopedic dictionary known as the [[Taelbück]]. The New Netherland accent is often considered the most prestigious form of the spoken language and thus is generally imitated in formal media and politics.
== History ==
Amerikaens is generally thought to have began its emergence as a separate language from Dutch in the late 17th century. Prior to this point in time, it was generally considered a dialect of Dutch termed Bergen Dutch (named for Bergen County, which is now the borough of Hackensack, [[New Amsterdam]]). It was characterized as having origins in the South Hollandic and Flemish dialects of the Dutch language, with significant influence from creoles such as Mohawk Dutch and Wenami Pidgin, northern varieties of French, [[English language|English]], Frisian, Low German varieties, and to a lesser extent, Swedish.
 
==Nomenclature==
== Geographic distribution ==
Speakers of early forms of Amerikaens mainly referred to their language as ''Lîg Duyts'' ('Low Dutch', ''Leeg Duits'' in European orthography), a dated term referring to Low German and Dutch dialects. With the independence of New Netherland in the late 18th century, the term ''Amerikaens'' gained prominence in accordance with the rise of Amerikaener ethnic identity and the formation of a new national consciousness.
 
The Dutch term for the language is ''Amerikaans'', while some English speakers may refer to the language simply as 'American Dutch', a term which has been deemed inaccurate and misleading by the Amerikaens Taelkomisie.
 
==History==
==Varieties and distribution==
==Phonology==
TheSince Amerikaens pronunciation standard,differs establishedgreatly inacross the early 20thAmerican centurycontinent, is based uponthe prestigiousprestige dialectsaccent of [[New Netherland]] is often referred to as the standard. It has a phonemenative phonemic inventory of 25 consonants, 18and 17 vowels, andthough 9the diphthongs.phonetic Dialectsrealization of Amerikaensthem mayvaries haveaccording considerableto variationsthe inspeaker's theirsocioeconomic, phoneme inventoriesethnic, withand moreregional westernbackground. dialects straying more from the standard.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Consonants
!
!
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Dorsal
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
Line 40 ⟶ 30:
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
|p pʰ b
!voiceless
|t tʰ d
|p
| tʃ{{ref|a}}
|t
|k kʰ g
|tʃ
|k
|
|-
!Fricative
!aspirated
| f v{{ref|b}}{{ref|e}}
|p<sup>h</sup>
|s z{{ref|b}}
|t<sup>h</sup>
| ʃ{{ref|a}} ʒ
|
|χ{{ref|c}}
|k<sup>h</sup>
|h{{ref|d}}
|
|-
!Approximant
!voiced
| w{{ref|e}}
|b
| l{{ref|f}}
|d
|
|g j
|
|-
!Rhotic
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|s
|ʃ
| χ
|h
|-
!voiced
|v
|z
|ʒ
|
|r{{ref|g}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| w
|l
|
|j
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="3" |r
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
* [c] and [tɕ] are allophones of /tʃ/.
* /d/ is devoiced at the ends of words as [t].
* [ɕ] is an allophone of /ʃ/.
* Allophones of /r/ include [ʁ] and [ɾ].
* /χ/ formed as a merger of the original Dutch sounds [ɣ] and [x]. Before the semi-vowel /j/, it can be fronted to [ç].
* Voiced fricatives may be generally pronounced as their voiceless counterparts by a large percentage of Amerikaens speakers.
* Due to influence from French and English, the original Dutch /ʋ/ came to be realised as /w/.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="42" |Front
! colspan="3" |Central
! colspan="42" |Back
! colspan="2" |Diphthongs
|-
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded</small>
!
! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>unroundedfront</small>
! colspan="2" | <small>roundedback</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
!Close
| i iː
|iː
|
|yː
|
|
| u(ː){{ref|h}}
|iw
|
|
|
|
|uː
|-
! Close-mid
|
|eː
|
|
|
|o(ː)
|
|
|
|
|
| oː
|-
!Mid
|ɛ{{ref|i}}
|œ œː{{ref|j}}
|
|œ
|œː
|ə
|
|
|ʌ
|ɔ ɔː{{ref|k}}
|
|œu
|ɔ
|ɔw ɔi
|ɔː
|-
! Near-open
|æ æː{{ref|i}}
|æ
|æː
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|æi
|
|-
! Open
 
|(a)
|
|
|
|ɑ ɑː{{ref|k}}
|
|
|ɑw ɑi
|
|ɑ}
 
|ɑː
====Amerikaens vowel shift====
|
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Amerikaens underwent a mostly qualitative vowel shift. Front short vowels were lowered, open vowels were backed or rounded, some vowels were lengthened, and two had experienced mergers ([ʏ] → /ʌ/, [ø] → /œ/) likely due to non-Dutch influences. In total, four vowels found in Dutch were either eliminated or never adopted ([aː], [ʏ], [ø], [ɪ]) in Amerikaens. Diphthongs had also changed during this process: [œy] to [œu] and ''ij'' [ɛi] to ''ÿ'' [ɑi]/[æi].
|
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Diphthongs
| colspan="11" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi
|}
==== Vowel shift from European Dutch ====
The vowel shift in Amerikaens began in the mid-17th century in [[New Netherland]], gradually developing until its conclusion in the late 19th century. Some dialects of Amerikaens, such as the Voor dialects of [[Tussenland]], preserve European Dutch pronunciations.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
! colspan="23" |Example
!English
!Notes
|-
|ɪ
Line 207 ⟶ 133:
|[ɛk] ''ik''
|'I'
|
|-
|ɛ
Line 214 ⟶ 139:
|[wæχ] ''weg''
|'Road'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |ɑ
|ɑ
|[bɑŋk] ''bank''
| [bɑŋk] ''banck''
|'Bench'
|'Couch', 'bench'
|
|-
|ɑː
Line 227 ⟶ 150:
|[ɑːχt] ''agt''
|'Eight'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |ʌ
|[pɑt] ''pad''
| [pʌt] ''padt''
|'Toad'
|
|-
|ʏ
|[lʏxt] ''lucht''
|[lʌχt] ''lught''
 
|'Sky'
 
|
|-
| rowspan="23" |o
|[os] ''os''
|[ʌs] ''os''
|'Ox'
|-
|o
|[oːk] ''ook''
|[oːk] ''ök''
|'Also'
|-
|ɔː
Line 251 ⟶ 177:
|[ɔːns]
|'Us'
|
|-
|i
Line 257 ⟶ 182:
|[tin] ''tien''
|[tiːn] ''tîn''
|'Ten'
|
|-
|u
|uː
|[stul] ''stoel''
|[stuːl] ''stül''
|'Chair', 'seat'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |eː
Line 272 ⟶ 195:
|[ˈneː.χə] ''nege''
|'Nine'
|
|-
| ɛ<sup>ə</sup>, ɛː
|[neːr] ''neer''
|[nɛːr] ''nîr''
|'Near'
|
|-
|iː
|[eːn] ''een''
| [iːn] ''în''
|'One'
|In dialectal speech.
|-
| rowspan="2" |aː
|ɑː
|[jaːr] ''jaar''
|[jɑːr] ''jaer''
|'Year'
|
|-
|ɔː
Line 297 ⟶ 216:
|[ˈhɔː.fər] ''hafer''
|'Oats'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |ɛi
|ɑi
|[ˈstrɛi̯kə(n)] ''strijken''
|[ˈstrɑikə] ''strÿcke''
|'To iron'
|
|-
|æi
|[vɛi̯f] ''vijf''
| [væif] ''vÿf''
|'Five'
|-
|ø
|œ
|[nøːs] ''neus''
|[nœz] ''neus''
|'Nose'
|-
|œy
Line 317 ⟶ 239:
|[hœus] ''huys''
|'House'
|
|}
==Orthography==
 
Amerikaens orthography was first widely standardized by law in 1910 with the publication of the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] in New Netherland. Since then, the Taelbück has been considered the unequivocal authority on Amerikaens spelling in north America. Its conventions, derived mainly from old Dutch orthography, has also incorporated innovations by formalizing the use of diacritics.
== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
 
==== Divergences from Dutch ====
Amerikaens orthography. first recognized as distinct in the mid-18th century, preserves many forms found in early modern Dutch. In 1910, orthography was officially standardized for literary Amerikaens.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
! colspan="2" |Example
!Usage notes
|-
|aa
|aed
| ee
|''Amerik<u>aa</u>ns''
|''Amerik<u>ae</u>ns''
|
|-
|ei
|eyf
|''Înh<u>ei</u>d''
|''Înh<u>ey</u>dt''
|
|-
|ui
|uy
|''Fr<u>ui</u>t''
|''Fr<u>uy</u>t''
|
|-
|ij
|ÿ
|''Vr<u>ij</u>heid''
|''Vr<u>ÿ</u>heydt''
|
|-
|uu
|ue
|''Absol<u>uu</u>t''
|''Absol<u>ue</u>t''
|
|-
|ee
|î
|''<u>Ee</u>nheid''
|''<u>Î</u>nheydt''
|
|-
|oo
|ö
|''V<u>oo</u>rland''
|''V<u>ö</u>rlandt''
|
|-
|oe
|ü
|''Daart<u>oe</u>''
|''Daert<u>ü</u>''
|
|-
|m
|mm
|''Ko<u>m</u>en''
|''Ko<u>mm</u>e''
| rowspan="2" |Does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.
|-
|l
|ll
|''Graa<u>l</u>''
|''Grae<u>ll</u>''
|-
|k
|ck
|''Boe<u>k</u>''
|''Boe<u>ck</u>''
| rowspan="3" |Only occurs at the end of a syllable.
|-
|d
|dt
|''Sta<u>d</u>''
|''Sta<u>dt</u>''
|-
|f
|v
|''Kal<u>f</u>''
|''Kal<u>v</u>''
|}
 
==== Spelling to sound correspondences ====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="3" |Vowels
! rowspan="24" |
! colspan="3" |Consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!checked
! free
!normal
!final
|-
|a
|/ɑ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/
|/ɑː/
|b
|/b/
|/p/
|-
|ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/, /eː/
|d
|/d/
|/t/
|-
|au
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/, /ɔu/, /ɔ/
|dj, dsch
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /d<sup>j</sup>/
|-
| e
|/ɛ/, /ə/, /æ/
|/eː/, /ə/
|f, ph
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
|o
|/ɔ/, /ʌ/
|/oː/
|g, gh
| colspan="2" |/χ/, /g/
|-
|ö
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|h
| colspan="2" |/h/, /ɦ/
|-
|ai, aei
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
|j
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|au(x), eau(x)
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|k, ck
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|auw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|l
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|i, ie
| /i/, /ə/, /ɛ/
|/iː/
|m
|oo
| colspan="2" |/m/
|oe
|ui
|uu
|-
!Amerikaens
| ae
|dt{{ref|l}}
|î
| colspan="2" |/eː/
|n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
|îuw, ieuw
| colspan="2" |/eːu/, /iu/
|ng
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
|ey
|v{{ref|l}}
| colspan="2" |/ɛi/
|pÿ
|ck
| colspan="2" |/p/
|ll{{ref|m}}
|-
|mm{{ref|m}}
|eu
|ö
| colspan="2" |/œː/
|r
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
|oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|s
| colspan="2" |/s/, /s<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|ou, ouw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|sch, sh
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/, /sχ/
|-
| ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /i/
|t, th
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|ü
|uy
| colspan="2" |/uː/
|tsj, tj, tsch
| colspan="2" |/tʃ/, /t<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|uy, üy
| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/
|v
| colspan="2" |/f/, /v/
|-
|ue
| colspan="2" |/yː/
|w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
|uw
| colspan="2" |/yu/
|z
| colspan="2" |/s/, /z/
|}
The use of ''ö'' and ''ü'' has been controversial as they represent entirely different phonetic values in Amerikaens compared to all other Germanic languages, thus creating confusion. Numerous orthographic reforms have been proposed in order to address issues such as this. However they have all been rejected by the Taelkomisie, which has been characterized as a conservative institution in modern times.
 
==== Sound change ====
Lenition is prevalent in Amerikaens, especially affecting consonants in the middle of words. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was readrealized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. ItDeletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' (/pʌ.ˈliː.si/, lit. 'police').
 
Deletion of final sounds (coda) in Amerikaens is one of the defining features of the language. Final consonants and vowels, most commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided and are also represented in writing.
 
* Dutch ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'' (/təˈvreː.də/, lit. content, satisfied)
* Dutch ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd'' (/zæit/, lit. said)
==Grammar==
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have one of the, if not the simplest syntax and morphology of the Germanic languages. The loss and simplification of several features is usually attributed to the language's early role as a ''lingua franca'' between several ethnolinguistic groups.
 
== Grammar ==Nouns====
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s''. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is added to signify plurality.
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have the simplest syntax and morphology of any continental Germanic language.
 
*''kind'' 'child' → ''kinds'' 'children'
Amerikaens does not possess grammatical gender. As it was already waning in Dutch, gender was eliminated completely during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, likely sped up due to the language's origin as a ''lingua franca'' among diverse settlers as well as [[English]] influence.
*''cÿns'' 'feudal tax' → ''cÿnsen'' 'feudal taxes'
 
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the late 17th century most probably was influenced by English.
==== Plurals ====
 
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by adding the suffix ''-s'' to a word. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is added.
* Dutch ''de vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' → Amerikaens ''des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Dutch
====Pronouns ====
|''Kinder<u>en</u>''
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.
|''Cijns<u>en</u>''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Person
!Subject
!Object
!Possessive
|-
|1st singular
!Amerikaens
|Ik (''Kind<u>s<nowiki/u>'k'')
|Mÿ (''me'')
|''Cÿns<u>en</u>''
|Mÿn (''men'')
|-
|2nd singular
!English
|Jÿ (''je'')
|Children
| Jou (''ju'')
|Feudal tax
|Jouw (''juw'')
|-
|3rd singular, masculine
|Hÿ (''he'')
|Hem (''em'')
|Hÿs (''hes'')
|-
|3rd singular, feminine
|Sÿ (''se'')
|Her (''er'')
|Hers (''ers'')
|-
|1st plural
|Wÿ (''we'')
| colspan="2" |Ons
|-
|2nd plural
| colspan="2" |Jul
|Juls
|-
|3rd plural, for a person
| colspan="2" |Hun
|Huns
|-
| 3rd plural, for an object
| colspan="2" |It
|Its
|}
 
==== Determiners ====
Only two articles, a definitive (''de'') and an indefinitive (''în''), exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlands'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
!Singular
Line 573 ⟶ 347:
!Nominative
| colspan="2" |de
|în (''<nowiki/>'n'')
|-
!Genitive
|des
|der
|îns (''<nowiki/>'ns'')
|}
Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal incidates that they are far away.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
!English
|-
!Proximal
| colspan="2" |dese
|'This', 'these'
|-
!Distal
| colspan="2" |die
|'That', 'those'
|-
!Possessive
|dies
|dier
|'Their's', 'the latter's'
|}
====Verbs====
''Dese'' is equivalent to English 'this' and 'these', while ''die'' corresponds to 'that' and 'those'. ''Dies'' and ''dier'' translate to 'their's' or 'the latter's'.
Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses; they do not conjugate or inflect. The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
==== Genitive case ====
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension. Unlike in other varieties from the Netherlands, its survival throughout the late 17th century most probably was influenced by English.
{| class="wikitable"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
!English
!French
|-
|''De vriend van de man.''
|''Des mans friendt.''
|''The man's friend.''
|''L'ami de l'homme.''
|}
 
==== Pronouns ====
Like English and Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form (often ending with ''ÿ'') and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.
{| class="wikitable"
!Person
!Subject
!Object
!Possessive
|-
|1st singular
|Ik ('k)
|Mÿ (me)
|Mÿn (men)
|-
|2nd singular
|Jÿ (je)
|Jou (ju)
|Jouw (juw)
|-
|3rd singular, masculine
|Hÿ (he)
|Hem (em)
|Hÿs (hes)
|-
|3rd singular, feminine
|Sÿ (se)
|Her (er)
|Hers (ers)
|-
|1st plural
|Wÿ (we)
| colspan="2" |Ons
|-
|2nd plural
| colspan="2" |Jul
|Juls
|-
|3rd plural, for a person
| colspan="2" |Hun
|Huns
|-
|3rd plural, for an object
| colspan="2" |It
|Its
|}
''Jul(s)'', the 2nd plural, comes from the Dutch ''jullie'' (from ''jij'' 'you' + ''lui'' 'people'). It is the equivalent of ''y'all('s)'' in English, which is used in parts of the [[United Kingdom]] as well as [[Virginia]].
 
==== Verb tenses ====
Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses (verbs do not conjugate or inflect). The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Tense
! rowspan="2" |Form
! colspan="3" |Example: ''ît(e)''
|-
!Tense
!Form
!Amerikaens
!Dutch
Line 670 ⟶ 386:
|-
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
| ''Ît(e)''
|''Eten''
|''(To) eat''
 
|-
! Present
|Pronoun + verb
| ''Ik ît''
|''Ik eet''
|''I eat''
|-
!Past
|Pronoun ''+ hab'' + verb
|''Ik hab ît''
|''Ik at''
Line 689 ⟶ 406:
|Pronoun + ''zhal'' + verb
|''Ik zhal ît''
|''Ik zal eten''
|''I will eat''
|-
! colspan="5" |<small>Continuous aspect</small>
|-
!Present
|Pronoun + ''dü'' + verb
|''Ik dü ît''
| ''Ik ben aan het eten''
|''I am eating''
|-
!Past
| Pronoun + ''dîd'' + verb
|''Ik dîd ît''
| ''Ik was aan het eten''
|''I was eating''
|-
! Future
|Pronoun + ''zhal dü'' + verb
|''Ik zhal dü ît''
|—
|''I will be eating''
|}
==Vocabulary==
 
== Vocabulary ==
{{Main|Amerikaens vocabulary}}
 
Amerikaens vocabulary is predominately Germanic in origin with significant Latinate and indigenous American influences. The language has also adopted numerous terms from [[Corean language|Corean]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], as well as Slavic and Semitic languages following waves of immigration to Amerikaener northern America in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some varieties of Amerikaens may show marked influence from a particular language; for example, 20% of the lexicon of [[Amerikaens Free State|Free Stater]] Amerikaens derives from [[Spanish language|Spanish]].
== See also ==
 
==Notes ==
* [[List of languages]]
#{{note|a}}/tʃ/'s allophones include [tɕ], [dʒ], and [c], while /ʃ/ can be realized as [ɕ].
#{{note|b}}While the majority of speakers tend to devoice voiced consonants in final position, a significant portion of Amerikaens speakers retain them. This can be attributed to the loss of Dutch assimilation rules in some dialects and sociolects.
#{{note|c}}/χ/ formed as a merger of the original Dutch phonemes [ɣ] and [x]. Before the semi-vowel /j/, it can be fronted to [ç].
#{{note|d}}/h/ has two allophones, [h] and [ɦ].
#{{note|e}}The Dutch /ʋ/ split into phonemes /w/ and /v/ in Amerikaens.
#{{note|f}}Amerikaens speakers of a Slavic background often velarize /l/ as [ɫ] more than others.
#{{note|g}}/r/ has numerous allophones; [r], [ʁ], [ɹ] and [ɾ].
#{{note|h}}Allophones of /u/ include [u], [uː], and [ʊ].
#{{note|i}}A process of front vowel lowering occured in Amerikaens. Dutch [ɪ] lowered to [ɛ], [ɛ] to [æ]
#{{note|j}}Dutch [ø] and [œ] have lost distinction, with both having phonemically merged into /œ/.
#{{note|k}}Dutch /aː/, a development of the late 17th century, corresponds to phonemes /ɑː/ and /ɔː/ in Amerikaens. This phonological feature, characteristic of the southern [[Netherlands]], was brought to the [[Amerikaener]] world by the earliest settlers.
#{{note|l}}Occurs in word-final position.
#{{note|m}}Occurs in word-medial and word-final position.
 
==See also==
*[[List of languages]]
*[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
 
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