Amerikaens: Difference between revisions
Fixed errors and started history section.
(Added to the Grammar section (Determiners, case, pronouns, etc.) and fixed vowel chart.) |
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== History ==
Amerikaens is generally thought to have began its emergence as a separate language from Dutch in the late 17th century. Prior to this point in time, it was generally considered a dialect of Dutch termed Bergen Dutch (named for Bergen County, which is now the borough of Hackensack, [[New Amsterdam]]). It was characterized as having origins in the South Hollandic and Flemish dialects of the Dutch language, with significant influence from creoles such as Mohawk Dutch and Wenami Pidgin, northern varieties of French, [[English language|English]], Frisian, Low German varieties, and to a lesser extent, Swedish.
== Geographic distribution ==
==Phonology==
The Amerikaens pronunciation standard, established in the early 20th century, is based upon prestigious dialects of [[New Netherland]]. It has a phoneme inventory of 25 consonants, 18 vowels, and 9 diphthongs. Dialects of Amerikaens may have considerable variations in their phoneme inventories, with more western dialects straying more from the standard.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
Line 42 ⟶ 44:
|p
|t
|tʃ
|tʃ<ref>/c/ and /tɕ/ are allophones of /tʃ/. </ref>▼
|k
|
Line 55 ⟶ 57:
!voiced
|b
|d
|d<ref>/d/ is devoiced at the ends of words as /t/.</ref>▼
|
|g
|
|-
Line 64 ⟶ 66:
|f
|s
|ʃ
|ʃ<ref>/ɕ/ is an allophone.</ref>▼
| χ
| χ<ref>Merger of /ɣ/ and /x/. Before /j/, it can be fronted to /ç/.</ref>▼
|h
|-
!voiced
!voiced<ref>Voiced fricatives are generally devoiced by the majority of Amerikaens speakers.</ref>▼
|v
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| w
| w<ref>Due to influence from French and English, the original Dutch /ʋ/ came to be realised as /w/.</ref> ▼
|l
|
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! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="3" |r
|
|}
* Allophones of /r/ include [ʁ] and [ɾ].
▲
▲
▲
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
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|ü
| colspan="2" |/uː/
|tsj, tj, tsch
| colspan="2" |/tʃ/, /t<sup>j</sup>/
|-
| |||