Amerikaens: Difference between revisions

From Roses, Tulips, & Liberty
Content added Content deleted
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox language|region=Northern America|familycolor=orange|fontcolor=black|name=Amerikaens|ethnicity=[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|ancestor=Bergen Dutch|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|script=Latin|official=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]|pronunciation=[ɑːmɛr.ɛ.kɒːns]|nativename=Amerikaens|state=[[New Netherland]]|boxsize=400px}}
{{Infobox language|region=Northern America|familycolor=orange|fontcolor=black|name=Amerikaens|ethnicity=[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|ancestor=Bergen Dutch|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|script=Latin|official=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]|pronunciation=[ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]|state=[[New Netherland]]|boxsize=400px}}


'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans'') is a West Germanic language spoken over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanning [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[South Tussenland]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexico]] and [[Opdamsland]]. It evolved from Hollandic, Zeelandic, and West Flemish dialects spoken by Dutch settlers in northern America, an example of which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch Pavonia Dutch]. The language developed a distinct identity during the 18th century and is the youngest of the Germanic languages, along with [[Afrikaans]], spoken in southern Africa.
'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans'') is a West Germanic language spoken over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanning [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[South Tussenland]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexico]] and [[Opdamsland]]. It evolved from Hollandic, Zeelandic, and West Flemish dialects spoken by Dutch settlers in northern America, an example of which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch Pavonia Dutch]. The language developed a distinct identity during the 18th century and is the youngest of the Germanic languages, along with [[Afrikaans]], spoken in southern Africa.
Line 75: Line 75:
|
|
|}
|}
<references />
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
|+Vowels
Line 149: Line 148:
!Diphthongs
!Diphthongs
| colspan="8" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi
| colspan="8" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu ɛi œu oːi ɔu ɔi
|}
|}

==== Sound to spelling correspondences ====
There are a total of 54 base graphemes in Amerikaens.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="3" |Vowels
!
! colspan="3" |Consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
!
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!checked
! free
!
!normal
!final
|-
|a
|/ɑ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/
|/ɑː/
!
|b
|/b/
|/p/
|-
|ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/, /eː/
!
|d
|/d/
|/t/
|-
|au
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/, /ɔu/, /ɔ/
!
|dj, dsch
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /d<sup>j</sup>/
|-
| e
|/ɛ/, /ə/, /æ/
|/eː/, /ə/
!
|f, ph
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
|o
|/ɔ/, /ʌ/
|/oː/
!
|g, gh
| colspan="2" |/χ/, /g/
|-
|ö
| colspan="2" |/oː/
!
|h
| colspan="2" |/h/, /ɦ/
|-
|ai, aei
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
!
|j
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|au(x), eau(x)
| colspan="2" |/oː/
!
|k, ck
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|auw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
!
|l
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|i, ie
| /i/, /ə/, /ɛ/
|/iː/
!
|m
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|î
| colspan="2" |/eː/
!
|n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
|îuw, ieuw
| colspan="2" |/eːu/, /iu/
!
|ng
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
|ey
| colspan="2" |/ɛi/
!
|p
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
|eu
| colspan="2" |/œː/
!
|r
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
|oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
!
|s
| colspan="2" |/s/, /s<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|ou, ouw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
!
|sch, sh
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
| ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /i/
!
|t, th
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|ü
| colspan="2" |/uː/
!
|tsj, tj
| colspan="2" |/tʃ/, /t<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|uy, üy
| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/
!
|v
| colspan="2" |/f/, /v/
|-
|ue
| colspan="2" |/yː/
!
|w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
|uw
| colspan="2" |/yu/
!
|z
| colspan="2" |/s/, /z/
|}

==== Vowel shift from European Dutch ====
==== Vowel shift from European Dutch ====
The vowel shift in Amerikaens began in the mid-17th century in [[New Netherland]], gradually developing until its conclusion in the late 19th century. Some dialects of Amerikaens, such as the Voor dialects of [[Tussenland]], preserve European Dutch pronunciations.
The vowel shift in Amerikaens began in the mid-17th century in [[New Netherland]], gradually developing until its conclusion in the late 19th century. Some dialects of Amerikaens, such as the Voor dialects of [[Tussenland]], preserve European Dutch pronunciations.
Line 438: Line 284:
!Amerikaens
!Amerikaens
! colspan="2" |Example
! colspan="2" |Example
!Usage notes
|-
|-
|aa
|aa
Line 443: Line 290:
|''Amerik'''aa'''ns''
|''Amerik'''aa'''ns''
|''Amerik'''ae'''ns''
|''Amerik'''ae'''ns''
|
|-
|-
|ei
|ei
Line 448: Line 296:
|''Înh'''ei'''d''
|''Înh'''ei'''d''
|''Înh'''ey'''dt''
|''Înh'''ey'''dt''
|
|-
|-
|ui
|ui
Line 453: Line 302:
|''Fr'''ui'''t''
|''Fr'''ui'''t''
|''Fr'''uy'''t''
|''Fr'''uy'''t''
|
|-
|-
|ij
|ij
Line 458: Line 308:
|''Vr'''ij'''heid''
|''Vr'''ij'''heid''
|''Vr'''ÿ'''heydt''
|''Vr'''ÿ'''heydt''
|
|-
|-
|uu
|uu
Line 463: Line 314:
|''Absol'''uu'''t''
|''Absol'''uu'''t''
|''Absol'''ue'''t''
|''Absol'''ue'''t''
|
|-
|-
|ee
|ee
Line 468: Line 320:
|'''''Ee'''nheid''
|'''''Ee'''nheid''
|'''''Î'''nheydt''
|'''''Î'''nheydt''
|
|-
|-
|oo
|oo
Line 473: Line 326:
|''V'''oo'''rland''
|''V'''oo'''rland''
|''V'''ö'''rlandt''
|''V'''ö'''rlandt''
|
|-
|-
|oe
|oe
Line 478: Line 332:
|''Daart'''oe'''''
|''Daart'''oe'''''
|''Daert'''ü'''''
|''Daert'''ü'''''
|
|-
|-
|m
|m
|mm
|mm<ref>This does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.</ref>
|''Ko'''m'''en''
|''Ko'''m'''en''
|''Ko'''mm'''e''
|''Ko'''mm'''e''
| rowspan="2" |Does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.
|-
|-
|l
|l
Line 490: Line 346:
|-
|-
|k
|k
|ck
|ck<ref><ck>, <nowiki><dt>, and <v> only occur at the end of syllables.</nowiki></ref>
|''Boe'''k'''''
|''Boe'''k'''''
|''Boe'''ck'''''
|''Boe'''ck'''''
| rowspan="3" |Only occurs at the end of a syllable.
|-
|-
|d
|d
Line 503: Line 360:
|''Kal'''f'''''
|''Kal'''f'''''
|''Kal'''v'''''
|''Kal'''v'''''
|}

==== Spelling to sound correspondences ====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="3" |Vowels
! rowspan="24" |
! colspan="3" |Consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |IPA
|-
!checked
! free
!normal
!final
|-
|a
|/ɑ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/
|/ɑː/
|b
|/b/
|/p/
|-
|ae
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/, /eː/
|d
|/d/
|/t/
|-
|au
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/, /ɔu/, /ɔ/
|dj, dsch
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /d<sup>j</sup>/
|-
| e
|/ɛ/, /ə/, /æ/
|/eː/, /ə/
|f, ph
| colspan="2" |/f/
|-
|o
|/ɔ/, /ʌ/
|/oː/
|g, gh
| colspan="2" |/χ/, /g/
|-
|ö
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|h
| colspan="2" |/h/, /ɦ/
|-
|ai, aei
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/
|j
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|au(x), eau(x)
| colspan="2" |/oː/
|k, ck
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|auw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|l
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|i, ie
| /i/, /ə/, /ɛ/
|/iː/
|m
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|î
| colspan="2" |/eː/
|n
| colspan="2" |/n/
|-
|îuw, ieuw
| colspan="2" |/eːu/, /iu/
|ng
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|-
|ey
| colspan="2" |/ɛi/
|p
| colspan="2" |/p/
|-
|eu
| colspan="2" |/œː/
|r
| colspan="2" |/r/
|-
|oi
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|s
| colspan="2" |/s/, /s<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|ou, ouw
| colspan="2" |/ɔu/
|sch, sh
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|-
| ÿ
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /i/
|t, th
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|ü
| colspan="2" |/uː/
|tsj, tj
| colspan="2" |/tʃ/, /t<sup>j</sup>/
|-
|uy, üy
| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/
|v
| colspan="2" |/f/, /v/
|-
|ue
| colspan="2" |/yː/
|w
| colspan="2" |/w/
|-
|uw
| colspan="2" |/yu/
|z
| colspan="2" |/s/, /z/
|}
|}


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
Amerikaens grammar gradually shifted from Dutch from the late 17th century up until the mid-19th century.


==== Notable features ====
* In every Amerikaens dialect, noun and adjective genders do not exist.

* The het/de distinction is not present in Amerikaens, with <de> being the sole definite article in the language.
* '''Grammatical gender:''' Language contact with English and indigenous languages, as well as exposure to various American creoles, has resulted in the loss of grammatical gender in Amerikaens, much like in its sister language [[Afrikaans]].
* In Amerikaens, the deletion of the final consonant or final <e> of a syllable (the coda) is formalized. For example, ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' becomes ''tevrede'', and ''zeid<u>e</u>'' becomes ''zeyd''.
* '''Definite articles:''' Amerikaens possesses one definite article, de, with ''het'' having been eliminated altogether.
* Corruption of middle-word consonants are also common, such as ''-tie'' into ''-sie'' (''politie'' → ''polisie'').
* '''Deletion of coda:''' Words often drop the final sound, usually consonants and the vowel ''e''. For example, ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'', and ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd''.
* '''Lenition of consonants:''' Consonants in the middle of words sometimes experience lenition. For example, ''poli<u>t</u>ie'' → ''poli<u>s</u>ie''.


==== Pronouns and verb conjugations ====
==== Pronouns and verb conjugations ====
Line 527: Line 513:
|Ik/ äk
|Ik/ äk
|Ik
|Ik
|Ik ben
|Ik be
| -
| -
|-
|-
Line 533: Line 519:
|Jÿ
|Jÿ
|Jij, U
|Jij, U
|Jij ben
|Jij be
|
|
|-
|-
Line 564: Line 550:
In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject.
In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject.


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+'''ît''' (eat)
|+''Î'''t''''' (eat)
|-
|-
|'''Tense'''
!'''Tense'''
| colspan="1" |'''Amerikaens'''
! colspan="1" |'''Amerikaens'''
|'''Dutch'''
!'''Dutch'''
|'''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
|'''Infinitive'''
!'''Infinitive'''
|ît
|ît(e)
|eten
|eten
|(to) eat
|(to) eat
|-
|-
|'''Present'''
!'''Present'''
|Ik ît.
|Ik ît.
|Ik eet.
|Ik eet.
|I eat.
|I eat.
|-
|-
|'''Past'''
!'''Past'''
|Ik hab ît.
|Ik hab ît.
|Ik at.
|Ik at.
|I ate.
|I ate.
|-
|-
|'''Future'''
!'''Future'''
|Ik wil/zhal ît.
|Ik wil/zhal ît.
|Ik zal eten.
|Ik zal eten.
|I will eat.
|I will eat.
|-
|-
|'''Past Progressive'''
!'''Past Progressive'''
|Ik dîd ît.
|Ik dîd ît.
|Ik was aan het eten.
|Ik was aan het eten.
|I was eating.
|I was eating.
|-
|-
|'''Present Progressive'''
!'''Present Progressive'''
|Ik doe ît.
|Ik dü ît.
|Ik ben aan het eten.
|Ik ben aan het eten.
|I am eating.
|I am eating.
|-
|-
|'''Future Progressive'''
!'''Future Progressive'''
|Ik wil/zhal doe ît
|Ik wil/zhal dü ît
|
|
|I will be eating.
|I will be eating.
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+'''kück''' (cook)
|+'''''Köck''''' (cook)
|-
|-
|'''Tense'''
!'''Tense'''
| colspan="1" |'''Amerikaens'''
! colspan="1" |'''Amerikaens'''
|'''Dutch'''
!'''Dutch'''
|'''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
|'''Infinitive'''
!'''Infinitive'''
|köck(e)
|kück
|koken
|koken
|(to) cook
|(to) cook
|-
|-
|'''Present'''
!'''Present'''
|Ik kück.
|Ik köck.
|Ik kook.
|Ik kook.
|I cook.
|I cook.
|-
|-
|'''Past'''
!'''Past'''
|Ik hab kück.
|Ik hab köck.
|Ik kookte.
|Ik kookte.
|I cooked.
|I cooked.
|-
|-
|'''Future'''
!'''Future'''
|Ik wil/zhal kück.
|Ik wil/zhal köck.
|Ik zal koken.
|Ik zal koken.
|I will cook.
|I will cook.
|-
|-
|'''Past Progressive'''
!'''Past Progressive'''
|Ik dîd kück.
|Ik dîd köck.
|Ik was aan het koken.
|Ik was aan het koken.
|I was cooking.
|I was cooking.
|-
|-
|'''Present Progressive'''
!'''Present Progressive'''
|Ik doe kück.
|Ik dü köck.
|Ik ben aan het koken.
|Ik ben aan het koken.
|I am cooking.
|I am cooking.
|-
|-
|'''Future Progressive'''
!'''Future Progressive'''
|Ik wil/zhal doe kück
|Ik wil/zhal dü köck.
|
|
|I will be cooking.
|I will be cooking.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.rosestulipsandliberty.com/wiki/Amerikaens"