Amerikaens: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language|region=Northern America|familycolor=orange|fontcolor=black|name=Amerikaens|ethnicity=[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|ancestor= |
{{Infobox language|region=Northern America|familycolor=orange|fontcolor=black|name=Amerikaens|ethnicity=[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|fam4=Netherlandic|ancestor=Bergen Dutch|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|script=Latin|official=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> [[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-Domingue]]|pronunciation=[aːmɛɹ.ɪ.kɑːns]|nativename=Amerikaens|state=[[New Netherland]]}} |
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'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans'') is a West Germanic language spoken over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanning [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[South Tussenland]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexico]] and [[Opdamsland]]. It evolved from Hollandic, Zeelandic, and West Flemish dialects spoken by Dutch settlers in northern America, an example of which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch Pavonia Dutch]. The language developed a distinct identity during the 18th century and is the youngest of the Germanic languages, along with [[Afrikaans]]. |
'''Amerikaens''' (Dutch: ''Amerikaans'') is a West Germanic language spoken over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum dialect continuum] spanning [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Amerikaens Free State|the Free State]], [[South Tussenland]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Mexico]] and [[Opdamsland]]. It evolved from Hollandic, Zeelandic, and West Flemish dialects spoken by Dutch settlers in northern America, an example of which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch Pavonia Dutch]. The language developed a distinct identity during the 18th century and is the youngest of the Germanic languages, along with [[Afrikaans]], spoken in southern Africa. |
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Today, the language is currently spoken over significant portions of |
Today, the language is currently spoken over significant portions of northern America and is an official language of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. The Amerikaens Language Commission (''Amerikaense Taelkomisie'') is the official regulating body and central authority for Amerikaens, responsible for developing, preserving, and promoting the language. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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==== Proto-Amerikaens dialects (1620-1700) ==== |
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===== Preliminary Romance influence ===== |
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Among the earliest settlers in New Netherland were Romance-speaking Walloon immigrants. During the genesis of the Amerikaens language and the [[Amerikaener]] ethnicity, several Walloon and French words entered the Amerikaens lexis, mostly words relating to family and household. Examples of these include ''koetoe'' (knife; from ''couteau'') and tapie (carpet; from ''tapiz).'' |
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== Geographic distribution == |
== Geographic distribution == |
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==Phonology== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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== Varieties == |
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|+Consonants |
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! |
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! |
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!Labial |
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!Alveolar |
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!Post-alveolar |
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!Dorsal |
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!Glottal |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Nasal |
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|m |
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|n |
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| |
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|ŋ |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
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!voiceless |
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|p |
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|t |
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|tʃ |
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|k |
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| |
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|- |
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!voiced |
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|b |
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|d<ref>/d/ is devoiced at the ends of words as /t/.</ref> |
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| |
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|g<ref>/g/ is an allophone of [χ] and is also used in loanwords.</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Fricative |
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!voiceless |
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|f |
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|s |
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|ʃ |
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| χ<ref>Merger of /ɣ/ and /x/. Before /j/, it can be fronted to /ç/.</ref> |
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|h |
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|- |
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!voiced<ref>Voiced fricatives are generally devoiced by the majority of Amerikaens speakers.</ref> |
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|v |
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|z |
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|ʒ |
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| |
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|ɦ |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Approximant |
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| w<ref>Due to influence from French and English, the original Dutch /ʋ/ came to be realised as /w/.</ref> |
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|l |
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| |
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|j |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Rhotic |
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| |
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| colspan="3" |r<ref>[ʁ] and [ɾ] are allophones.</ref> |
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| |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Vowels |
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! |
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! colspan="3" |Front |
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! colspan="3" |Central |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back |
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|- |
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! |
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! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small> |
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! rowspan="2" |<small>rounded</small> |
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! rowspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small> |
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! colspan="2" | <small>rounded</small> |
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|- |
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! |
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!<small>short</small> |
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!<small>long</small> |
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!<small>short</small> |
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!<small>long</small> |
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!<small>short</small> |
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!<small>long</small> |
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|- |
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!Close |
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| i |
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|i: |
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|y: |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|u: |
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|- |
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! Close-mid |
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| |
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|eː |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| o: |
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|- |
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! Mid |
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|ɛ |
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| |
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| |
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|ə |
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| œ |
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|œ: |
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|ɔ |
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|ɔ: |
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|- |
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!Near-open |
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|æ |
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|æ: |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!Open |
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|(a) |
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| |
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| |
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|ʌ |
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| |
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| |
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|ɑ |
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|ɑ: |
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|- |
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!Diphthongs |
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| colspan="8" |ɑi æi ɑu ɛu œu ɔu ɔi |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
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|+Graphemes of vowels |
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! rowspan="2" |Grapheme |
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! colspan="2" |IPA |
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|- |
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!checked |
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! free |
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|- |
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|a |
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|/ɑ/, /ʌ/ |
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|/ɑ:/ |
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|- |
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|ae |
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|/ɑ/ |
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| |
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|- |
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| e |
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|/ɛ/, /ə/ |
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|/eː/, /ə/ |
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|- |
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|o |
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|/ɔ/, /ʌ/ |
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|/o:/ |
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|- |
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|ö |
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| colspan="2" |/o:/ |
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|- |
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|ai, aei |
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| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/ |
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|- |
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|au(x), eau(x) |
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| colspan="2" |/o:/ |
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|- |
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|auw |
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| colspan="2" |/ɔu/ |
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|- |
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|ie |
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| /i/, /ə/ |
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|/i:/ |
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|- |
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|î |
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| colspan="2" |/e:/ |
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|- |
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|îuw, ieuw |
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| colspan="2" |/e:u/, /iu/ |
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|- |
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|ey |
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| colspan="2" |/ɛi/ |
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|- |
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|eu |
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| colspan="2" |/œ:/ |
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|- |
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|oi |
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| colspan="2" |/ɔi/ |
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|- |
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|ou. ouw |
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| colspan="2" |/ɔu/ |
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|- |
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| ÿ |
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| colspan="2" |/ɑi/, /æi/ |
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|- |
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|ü |
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| colspan="2" |/u:/ |
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|- |
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|uy, üy |
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| colspan="2" |/œu/, /ɛu/ |
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|- |
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|ue |
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| colspan="2" |/y:/ |
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|- |
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|uw |
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| colspan="2" |/yu/ |
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|} |
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== Orthography == |
== Orthography == |
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==== |
==== Divergences from Dutch ==== |
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Amerikaens orthography. first recognized as distinct in the mid-18th century, preserves many forms found in early modern Dutch. In 1910, orthography was officially standardized for literary Amerikaens. |
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In many cases older orthography and spelling is preserved from early modern Dutch. Some regions in Tussenland did not adopt Amerikaner orthography before it was standardized in 1910. As a result, some words of historical value retain their Hollandic spelling. An example of this is the city of Eenheydwyck, which is not written as Înheydswÿck. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Dutch |
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* '''ei → ey''' (''înheid'' (unity) → ''înheyd'') |
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!Amerikaens |
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* '''k → ck''' (boek → boeck), only when occurring at the end of the syllable |
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! colspan="2" |Example |
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* '''aa → ae''' (Amerikaans → Amerikaens) |
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|- |
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* '''ui → uy''' (fruit → fruyt) |
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|aa |
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* '''ij → ÿ''' (vrijheid → vrÿheyd) |
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|ae |
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* '''d → dt''' (stad → stadt), only when at end of syllable |
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|Amerik'''aa'''ns |
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* '''f → v''' (kalf → kalv), onlf at the end of words |
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|Amerik'''ae'''ns |
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* '''In other''' cases double vowels (long vowels) are reduced and replaced with by a vowel with a diacritic. |
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|- |
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* '''oo → ö''' (Voorlandt → Vörlandt) |
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|ei |
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* '''uu → ue''' |
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|ey |
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* '''ee → î''' |
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|Înh'''ei'''d |
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|Înh'''ey'''dt |
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* Yet in other cases constants are doubled. |
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|- |
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* '''m → mm''' (Komen → Komme) |
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|ui |
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* '''l → ll''' |
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|uy |
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|Fr'''ui'''t |
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|Fr'''uy'''t |
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|- |
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|ij |
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|ÿ |
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|Vr'''ij'''heid |
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|Vr'''ÿ'''heydt |
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|- |
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|uu |
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|ue |
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|Absol'''uu'''t |
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|Absol'''ue'''t |
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|- |
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|ee |
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|î |
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|'''Ee'''nheid |
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|'''Î'''nheydt |
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|- |
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|oo |
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|ö |
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|V'''oo'''rland |
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|V'''ö'''rlandt |
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|- |
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|oe |
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|ü |
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|Daart'''oe''' |
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|Daert'''ü''' |
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|- |
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|m |
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|mm<ref>This does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.</ref> |
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|Ko'''m'''en |
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|Ko'''mm'''e |
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|- |
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|l |
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|ll |
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|Graa'''l''' |
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|Grae'''ll''' |
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|- |
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|k |
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|ck<ref><ck>, <nowiki><dt>, and <v> only occur at the end of syllables.</nowiki></ref> |
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|Boe'''k''' |
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|Boe'''ck''' |
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|- |
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|d |
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|dt |
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|Sta'''d''' |
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|Sta'''dt''' |
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|- |
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|f |
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|v |
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|Kal'''f''' |
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|Kal'''v''' |
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|} |
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== Grammar == |
== Grammar == |
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Amerikaens grammar gradually shifted from Dutch from the late 17th century up until the mid-19th century. |
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In all Amerikaens dialects, noun and adjective genders are removed. For example, the 'the' article in Amerikaens would simply be 'de' for all nouns, eliminating the European de/het distinction altogether. This is one feature of a series of grammar shifts in Amerikaens that was finalised in the mid-19th century. |
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The last letter of suffixes are often dropped. In words that end in -en (excluding en and een), the -n is dropped in most cases (tevreden → tevrede). In words that end in -de (excluding de) the e is oft dropped (zeide → zeyd, zijde → zÿd). |
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* In every Amerikaens dialect, noun and adjective genders do not exist. |
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Corruption of middle-word consonants are also common, such as -tie into -sie (politie → polisie). |
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* The het/de distinction is not present in Amerikaens, with <de> being the sole definite article in the language. |
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* In Amerikaens, the deletion of the final consonant or final <e> of a syllable (the coda) is formalized. For example, ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' becomes ''tevrede'', and ''zeid<u>e</u>'' becomes ''zeyd''. |
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* Corruption of middle-word consonants are also common, such as ''-tie'' into ''-sie'' (''politie'' → ''polisie''). |
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=== Pronouns and verb conjugations === |
==== Pronouns and verb conjugations ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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| colspan="5" rowspan="1" |Pronouns and Verb Conjugations |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |English |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Amerikaens |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Dutch |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |''Ik ben'' |
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|- |
|- |
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!<small>Singular</small> |
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!<small>Plural</small> |
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|- |
|- |
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|I |
|I |
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=== Tenses === |
==== Tenses ==== |
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In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject. |
In Amerikaens, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
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|+'''ît''' (eat) |
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|- |
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|'''Tense''' |
|'''Tense''' |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
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|+'''kück''' (cook) |
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|- |
|- |
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|'''Tense''' |
|'''Tense''' |
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=== Case system === |
==== Case system ==== |
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Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch. |
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch. Its survival may have been influenced by English. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Dutch |
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!Amerikaens |
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!English |
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!French |
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|- |
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|De vriend van de man. |
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|Des mans vriendt. |
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|The man's friend. |
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|L'ami de l'homme. |
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|} |
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== Vocabulary == |
== Vocabulary == |