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{{Infobox language|boxsize=200px250px|name=Amerikaens|script=Latin|ethnicity=[[Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=West Germanic|ancestor=''Leeg Duits''|ancestor2=Early<center> Amerikaens|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|fam4=Netherlandic|nation=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]]|agency=[[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]]|ethnicity=[[Amerikaeners]]|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3={{nowrap | West Germanic}}|fam4=Netherlandic}}
 
'''Amerikaens''' ([[Amerikaens#Phonology|[ˌɑ.miriˈkɒːnz]]]) is a West Germanic language primarily spoken throughout North America. Along with [[Afrikaans]] and [[Tauaans]], Amerikaens is a product of 17th-century Dutch settler colonialism. It is established as an official language in six sovereign states, several northwestern [[Mexico|Mexican]] provinces, and the ''de facto'' [[Colombia|Colombian]] territory of [[Panama City|Panama]]. Since 1951, Amerikaens has also been been recognized as the primary working language of the [[Association of North American Nations]].
'''Amerikaens''' (<small>Amerikaens:</small> /ɑ.mi.riˈkɑːns/) is a West Germanic language spoken across and native to vast swathes of North America. The language is a descendant of numerous [[Dutch languages|Dutch]] dialects introduced to [[New Netherland]] in the 17th century which were spoken by settlers from [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]]. Distance from Europe, the impact of indigenous and immigrant lects, as well as preservation of archaic dialectal features caused Amerikaens to develop distinguishing characteristics over the next few centuries. In 1910, a standardized orthography devised by the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and based on the prestigious [[New Amsterdam|New Amsterdammer]] accent was adopted.
 
It is the second most widely spoken Germanic language in the world, behind [[English language|English]] and after [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. Only since 1910 has Amerikaens been subject to legal regulation by the [[Taelkomisie]], allowing it to diverge greatly from its sister languages, eventually becoming mutually unintelligible with standard Dutch sometime in the 19th century. Its unique phonology, orthography, and grammar has been influenced by a diverse pool of European immigrants, indigenous languages of North America, the great geographic extent across which its dialects are spoken, and the rise of [[Anti-Atlanticism|anti-Atlanticist ideology]] in the late modern era.
Today, Amerikaens serves as the official language of a number of [[Amerikaener]] states such as [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Boschland]], and several others. Since 1951, it has also become one of the official languages of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. As of the late 20th century, Amerikaens was widely spoken as the native language of the majority of the population of New Netherland, Tussenland (except the provinces of [[Meerenland]] and the Vorstlands), the Free State, and Boschland. It serves as the official ''lingua franca'' of South Tussenland and Opdamsland and a prominent minority language in Mexico and Panama City.
 
== Nomenclature ==
In the 17th and 18th centuries, variantsDialects of the [[Dutch language]] spoken in Americathe Americas were commonly referred to as ''Nederduytsch'' or ''Lîg Duyts'' ('Low Dutch') prior to the late 18th century. With the independence of New Netherland in the late 18th century, the term ''Amerikaens'' gained popularity as the [[Amerikaener|Amerikaener identity]] formed. The former two archaic terms are still used extensively in academia, andeveryday in casualspeech, and regional parlance.dialects, especially when needed to distinguish it from other Germanic varieties.
 
== History ==
In Dutch, the language is generally called ''Amerikaans'' and sometimes ''Amerikaans-Nederlands'' ('American Dutch'), the latter often with paternalistic or patronizing intent. Anglophones use the word ''Amerikaens'' and less often ''American Dutch'', ''New Dutch'', or ''New Netherland Dutch''.
 
==History Phonology ==
{{Main|Amerikaens phonology}}
==Phonology==
Due toStandard Amerikaens phonologypronunciation, differingcommonly greatlyknown by dialect,as the ''Juys Mondordt'' (/jœus<abbr>lit. mondɔːrt'p</, 'correctabbr>roper speech') accent of [[New Amsterdam]], is widely considered to be the standardpreferred andformal most prestigious varietyregister of the language. Itoriginating hasin 21the consonants,19th-century 12speech vowels,of andbourgeois 6communities diphthongin phonemes.coastal [[New Netherland]].
 
==== <small>Consonants=</small> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
Line 31:
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>voiceless{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}}</small>
|p
|t
Line 38:
|
|-
!<small>voiced{{abbr|v.|Voiced}}</small>
|b
|d
Line 53:
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!<small>voiceless{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}}</small>
|f
|s
|ʃ{{ref|''Sch'' sound|2}}
| ʃ
|χ{{ref|''Cha'' sound|1}}
|χ
|h
|-
!<small>voiced{{abbr|v.|Voiced}}</small>
|v
|z
Line 69:
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|w
| l
|
|j
Line 79:
|
|}
{{note|''Cha'' sound|1}}/χ/ formed as a merger of the Dutch /ɣ/ and /x/. Its voiced allophonic contexts is [ʁ], often mistaken as a rhotic due to its similarity to the French 'r'.
 
====Vowels Palatalization ====
Due to mutual conditioning with the umlaut process and the diverse origins of Amerikaens speakers, Dutch consonant sequences such as /sx/ were palatalized into /ʃ/{{note|''Sch'' sound|2}}. Palatal consonants such as /t͡ʃ/, previously analyzed as the sequence /tj/, became distinctly phonemic.
 
The traditional and most common Dutch diminutive, -''(t)je'', is too palatalized in Amerikaens, One of the most popular examples is the given name ''Annetje'' ('Annie'), which according to the 1910 Taelbück is to be written as ''Anne<u>tia</u>'' and pronounced [[Amerikaens#Phonology|[ɑnæt͡ʃə]]].
 
=== <small>Vowels</small> ===
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="3" |Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!<small>lax</small>
!<small>tense</small>
|-
!Close
Line 99:
|y
|
|u
|
|uː
|-
!Mid
!Close-mid
|
|øː
|
|ø{{ref|Morphological umlaut|1}}
|ə
|o
|
|-
!Open-mid
!Mid
|ɛ
|œ
|œː
|ə
|
|ɔː
|
|-
!Open
Line 125:
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Fronting
!<small>fronting</small>
!Centering
!<small>backing</small>
!Backing
|-
|ui
!Close
| rowspan="3" |ɛ<sup>ə</sup>
|iu
|ui
|
|-
|ɔi
! Mid
|œu
|ɔi
| rowspan="2" |ɑu
|-
!Open
|
|ɑi
|} ɑu
|}
|}
The Amerikaens vowel system, largely based on that of Hollandic Dutch, underwent a thorough counterclockwise vowel shift known as the ''Linksom''. It also developed features found in some littoral Flemish or Rhenish German dialects, such as morphological umlaut.
 
====Sound changesUmlaut from Dutch====
Amerikaens has developed a system of i-umlaut mutation in long back vowels. This feature initially failed to spread to western Dutch dialects, such as the dominant Hollandic. According to the ''Palatalsprickel'' theory proposed by linguist [[Hans Meißen]] in 1924, the palatalization of certain consonants is responsible for the mutation of radical vowels (i-umlaut) in Amerikaens and other trans-Rhenish Germanic languages. This change can originally be traced back to the diverse stock of European immigrants who arrived in America between 1650 and 1800.
[[File:Utrecht picture.png|thumb|397x397px|The dialect of Utrecht is by far the most similar to the ''Juys Mondordt'' accent of New Netherland.]]
The ''Juys Mondordt'' accent, as well as several other Amerikaens varieties, are incredibly phonologically distinct from the [[Dutch language|standard Dutch]] of [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] and non-American [[Batavosphere]] countries. The phonological base for Amerikaens largely rests upon the lects spoken by the founding settlers — dialects which evidently share a strong similarity with modern dialects spoken in Utrecht, north Brabant, and south Holland. Generally, short front vowels were lowered while long front vowels were backed; meanwhile, back vowels were variously raised, rounded and umlaut-ed. This vowel shift can be described as counterclockwise (''Linksom''). Consonants remain relatively closer to Dutch despite some undergoing palatalization and mergers.
 
Other phonological traits Amerikaens possesses that differentiates it from the standard Dutch of the Netherlands include:
 
This mutation of /uː/ and /ɔː/, most commonly represented with /ø/{{note|Morphological umlaut|1}}, only occurs in closed syllables with all coda except ''-s(t)'', ''-(n)t'', or ''-r(t)'', which fail to trigger the preceding vowel and cause it to retain its backness. As a pure result of morphological umlaut, /ø/ is not a part of Amerikaens' underlying vowel inventory, unlike every other front vowel present in the language. Due to its proximity to other phonemic vowels, it may be realized as [ʏ], [ø̞], or even [ɵ] depending on the individual speaker and morphological context.
*Lenition of word-medial consonants, such as ''tie'' /tsi/ becoming ''sie'' /si/.
*Deletion of word-final sounds, most commonly ''n'' /n/ and ''e'' /ə/.
*Dutch ''uw'' /yu/ becoming ''ouw'' /ɑu/, as characteristic of the Brabant and Utrecht dialects.
 
=== <small>List of major sound changes</small> ===
Consonants in the middle of words have experienced lenition. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was realized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. Deletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' ('police').
 
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
!Dutch
!Context
!Amerikaens
 
!Sound change
|-
| rowspan="2" |eː
|All contexts
|i
|/eː/ > /i/
|-
|ɛ<sup>ə</sup>
|Syllable-medial
|/eː/ > /ɛ<sup>ə</sup>/
|-
|ɪ
| rowspan="6" |All contexts
|/ɪ/ >/ɛ/
|-
|/ɛ/ > /æ/
|æ
|-
| rowspan="2" |aː
| /aː/ > /ɔː/
|ɔː
|-
|/aː/ > /ɑː/
|-
|/ɔ/ > /o/
|o
|-
| rowspan="3" |oː
|/oː/ > /u/
|ɔː
|-
|uː
| rowspan="2" |Closed syllable, not before /t/, /s/, /nt/, /ɑr/
|/oː/ > /øː/
|-
|/u/ >rowspan="2" /|øː/
|-
| rowspan="2" |uː
|All contexts
|/øː/ > /œː/
|-
|uː
|Closed syllable
|/ʏ/ > /ə/
|-
|ʏ
| rowspan="3" | Syllable-medial, final
|ə
|/œy/ > /œu/
|-
|œy
| /ɛi/ > /ɑi/
|œu
|-
|ɛi
|/eːu/ > /iu/
|ɑi
|-
|eːu
| rowspan="3" |All contexts
|iu
|/aːi/ > /ɔi/
 
|-
|aːi
| /oːi/ > /ui/
|ɔi
|-
|oːi
|/ɔu/ > /ɑu/
|}ui
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
! Context
! Sound change
|-
|sx
| rowspan="4" |Syllable-initial
|/sx/ >rowspan="2" /|ʃ/
|-
|/sj/ > /ʃ/
|-
|tj
|/tj/ > /t͡ʃ/
|t͡ʃ
|-
|/ɦ/ > /h/
|h
|-
|ɣ
| rowspan="2" |All contexts
|/ɣ/ >rowspan="2" /|χ/
|-
|x
|/x/ > /χ/
 
|}
|}
 
== Orthography ==
Modern Amerikaens orthography is based on the rules published by the [[Taelkomisie]], specifically the [[Law of New Netherland|Placaet]] of 19 August 1910 and the proliferation of the Taelbück. It was created during an era of intense [[Amerikaeners|Amerikaener nationalism]] and [[anti-Atlanticism]]. Unlike other Latin orthographies, Amerikaens orthography departs heavily from tradition and Latinate conventions. It has also been noted as over-representing phonological processes such as palatalization and umlaut to compensate for the lack of it in its sister scripts such as those of [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Standard German]].
[[File:Nicholas de Haze.png|left|thumb|337x337px|[[Nicholas de Haze]] (1739–1798), prominent Flemish-American linguist and grammarian.]]
Modern Amerikaens orthography is based on a number of phonemic innovations and historical principles inherited from [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. In 1903, the Amerikaens Taelkomisie, a regulatory institution for the Amerikaens language, was established by Raedpensionaris [[Bartelmees van Haerst|Mees van Haerst]]. Seven years later, the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] was published with the [[Law of New Netherland|Placaet]] of 19 August 1910, creating a standardized orthography for the language. Aside from the nativization of loan words and minor spelling corrections, Amerikaens orthography has remained largely unchanged since then.
 
=== <small>Spelling to sound correspondences</small> ===
====Orthographic innovations====
{|
Many innovative features found in modern Amerikaens orthography were popularized by their use in Amerikaener publications and works of the 19th century, most notably the newspaper [[De Amerikaense Telegraef]].
 
The digraphs ''oo'' and ''oe'' were converted to the German-derived accented vowels ''ö'' and ''ü'' respectively. These letters were initially adopted to show umlaut in closed syllables but eventually came to replace the previous digraphs completely, whether the vowel is phonologically fronted or not. For example, both ''zön'' (/zøːn/, 'son', Dutch ''zoon'') and ''dü'' (/du/ 'do', Dutch ''doe'') use umlauted letters, despite only ''zön'' being phonologically fronted.
 
The Dutch digraph ''ee'' became ''î'' to express the raising of /eː/ > /i/ in certain contexts, but similarly came to replace ''ee'' completely regardless if the specific phonological change was realized.
 
====Preservation of archaic features====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
! Amerikaens
!Modern Dutch
|-
| ae
|aa
|-
|ÿ
|ij
|-
|ey
|ei
|-
| uy
|ui
|-
|ue
|uu
|-
|dt
|d
|-
|k
|ck
|-
|v
|f
|}
Amerikaens has preserved many archaic orthographic features, both standard and dialectal, used in the Netherlands from the 16th to 19th centuries. One may trace early consolidation of these retentions to the ''Nieuw-Nederduytsch spraekkonst'' by Flemish-American grammarian [[Nicholas de Haze]] in 1775. De Haze's native Flanders, unlike Holland and much like New Netherland, had little to no standardized spelling among any class of people during much of the 18th century, allowing rarer and unconventional forms to survive into the 20th century and beyond.
 
One of the landmark texts that firmly established the preservation of these spellings was the First Constitution of 1797 passed during the early stadtholdership of [[Marÿn van der Beeke]], which was written with the graphemes ''ÿ'', ''ae'', ''uy'', and ''ue'' — ones that had become largely outdated for the upper classes of Holland at the time.
====Sound to spelling correspondences====
Amerikaens has 50 regularly-occurring graphemes which represent its 39 standard consonants, vowels, and diphthong phonemes. A number of exceptions to the table below exist, albeit small, as do a handful of rarer graphemes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants
!Spelling
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Main values
! colspan="2" |IPA
!Minor values
|-
!<small>Major</small>
!<small>Minor</small>
|-
|'''b'''
| colspan="2" |/b/
|/p/
|-
|'''c, ch'''
|/k/
| colspan="2" |/s/, /k/, /t͡ʃ/
|/s/, /t͡ʃ/
|-
|'''ch'''
|/ʃ/
|/χ/
|-
|'''ck'''
|/k/
|—
|-
|'''d'''
|/d/
|/t/
|-
|'''dt'''
|/t/
|/d/
|-
|'''dsch'''
|/d͡ʒ/
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|'''f'''
| colspan="2" |/f/
|—
|-
|'''g'''
|/g/
| colspan="2" | /g/, /χ/
|/χ/
|-
|'''gh'''
| colspan="2" |/χ/
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
|'''h'''
|/h/
|∅
|-
|'''j'''
| colspan="2" |/j/
|-
|'''k'''
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|'''kh'''
|/χ/
|/k/
|-
|'''l'''
| colspan="2" |/l/
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
|'''m'''
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|'''mm'''
|/m(ː)/
|-
|'''n'''
| colspan="2" |/n/
|/ŋ/
|-
|'''ng'''
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|/n/, /ŋk/
|-
|'''p'''
| colspan="2" |/p/
|/b/
|-
|'''ph'''
|/f/
|/p/
|-
|'''q'''
|/k/
|—
|-
|'''qu'''
|/k/
|/ku/
|-
|'''r'''
| colspan="2" |/r/
|—
|-
|'''s'''
| colspan="2" |/s/
|/z/
|-
|'''sch'''
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|—
|-
|'''t, th'''
| colspan="2" |/t/
|/d/
|-
|'''th'''
|/t/
|/d/
|-
|'''tsch'''
| colspan="2" |/t͡ʃ/
|/d͡ʒ/
|-
|'''v'''
| colspan="2" |/v/
|/w/
|-
|'''w'''
| colspan="2" |/w/
|/v/
|-
|'''z, zh'''
| colspan="2" |/z/
|/s/
|-
|'''zh'''
|/z/
|/ʒ/
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels and combinations
! rowspan="2" |Spelling
!Main values
! colspan="2" |IPA
!Minor values
|-
!<small>Major</small>
!<small>Minor</small>
|-
|'''a'''
|/ɑ/
|/ɑː/, /ə/
|-
| '''ae'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/
|/ɔː/
|-
|'''aeiaey'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑːi/
|—
|-
|'''aiay'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/
|/ɔi/
|-
|'''au, auw'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑu/
|—
|-
|'''e'''
|/æ/
|/ɛ/, /ɛ<sup>ə</sup>/, /æ/
|/əɛ/
|-
|'''ey'''
| colspan="2" |/ɑi/
|—
|-
|'''eu, euw'''
|/œ/
| colspan="2" |/œː/
|/ø/
|-
|'''i'''
| rowspan="3" |/i/
|/i/, /ɛ/
|/əɛ/
|-
|'''î'''
|ɛ<sup>ə</sup>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/i/
|-
| '''ie'''
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
|'''ieuw'''
| colspan="2" |/iu/
|-
|'''o'''
|/o/
| colspan="2" |/o/, /ɔː/
|/ɔː/
|-
| '''ö'''
|/øːɔː/
|[oː], /uø/
|-
|'''oioy, öiöy'''
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
|'''ou, ouw'''
| colspan="2" | /ɑu/
|-
|'''u'''
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
|'''ü'''
|/øː/
|/u/
|/ø/
|-
|'''üiüy'''
| colspan="2" |/ui/
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
|'''uy'''
| colspan="2" |/œu/
|-
| '''ue'''
| colspan="2" | /y/
|-
|'''ÿ'''
|/ɑi/
|/iə/
|}
|}
 
== Grammar ==
Compared to other Germanic languages, Amerikaens is considered weakly inflected, genderless, and by far more analytic of a language. The simplification of severalAmerikaens featuresgrammar is usually attributed to the language'sneed among early rolespeakers of distinct ethnolinguistic backgrounds to communicate for purposes such as atrade ''lingua— franca''thus, betweenfeatures severallike ethnolinguisticinflectional groupsendings became redundant.
 
==== Nouns and pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Amerikaens pronouns
Line 452 ⟶ 459:
|-
|1st singular
|Ik (''<nowiki/>'k'')
|Mÿ (''me'')
|Mÿn (''men'')
|-
|2nd singular
 
|Jÿ (''je'')
|Jou (''ju'')
|Jouw (''juw'')
|-
|3rd singular, masculine
| Hÿ (''he'')
|Hem (''em'')
|Hÿs (''hes'')
Line 473 ⟶ 479:
|-
|1st plural
|Wÿ (''we'')
 
| colspan="2" |Ons
|-
|2nd plural
 
| colspan="2" |Jul
|Juls
Line 484 ⟶ 488:
|3rd plural, for a person
| colspan="2" |Hun
| Huns
|-
|3rd plural, for an object
| colspan="2" |It
|Its
|}
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s'' (/s/ or /z/). If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' (/ən/) is added insteadappended in order to signify plurality.
 
Amerikaens also preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the early 18th century most probably was influenced by the [[English language]].
{{Blockquote|text='''Dutch''' <br> ''De vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' <br> '''Amerikaens''' <br> ''Des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'}}
 
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is needed.
*Dutch ''de vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' → Amerikaens ''des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'
 
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is needed.
====Determiners====
Only two articles, the definitive ''de'' 'the' and the indefinitive ''în'' 'a(n)' exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlandts'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
 
==== Determiners ====
Only two articles, the definitive ''de'' 'the' and the indefinitive ''în'' 'a(n)' exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlandts'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Singular
Line 515 ⟶ 516:
|der
|îns (''<nowiki/>'ns'')
|}
 
Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal indicates that they are far away.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Singular
Line 531 ⟶ 530:
!Distal
| colspan="2" |dat
 
|That, those
|-
Line 540 ⟶ 538:
|}
 
==== Verbs ====
Much like its sister language [[Afrikaans]], Amerikaens does not inflect or conjugate, nor is there a distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs. In order to form different verb forms such as tense, aspect, and modality, the infinitive form of the verb is accompanied by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb. The below table uses the example of the verb ''ît'' (/it/, 'eat') in the perfect and continuous tenses.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
Line 565 ⟶ 563:
|-
!Future
|zal
|zhal
|Ik zal eten
|I will eat
Line 580 ⟶ 578:
|-
!Future continuous
|zhalzal dü
|Ik zal eten
|I will be eating
|}
 
== See also ==
*[[List of languages]]
*[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
 
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