Roses, Tulips, & Liberty

Amerikaens: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Amerikaens (view source)

Revision as of 22:05, 11 January 2024

2,703 bytes removed ,  4 months ago
m
Added Category:Languages
VisualWikitext
m (Changed 'die' to 'dat'.)
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Infobox language|boxsize=250px|name=<center> Amerikaens|pronunciation=[ˌɑː.meː.riːˈkɑːns]|nation=[[New Netherland]] </br> [[Tussenland]] </br> [[South Tussenland]] </br> [[Amerikaens Free State]] </br> [[Opdamsland]] </br> [[Boschland]]|minority=[[Mexico]] </br> [[Panama City]] </br> |agency=[[Colombia]] </br> [[Saint-DomingueTaelkomisie]]|agencyethnicity=[[Amerikaens TaelkomisieAmerikaeners]]|script=Latin|ancestor2=Early Amerikaens|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3={{nowrap | West Germanic}}|fam4=Netherlandic|dialects=(see [[Amerikaens#Varieties_and_distribution|dialects]])|protoname=Duits|ancestor3=Middle Amerikaens|nativename=''Amerikaens''}}
 
'''Amerikaens''' ([ˌɑː[Amerikaens#Phonology|[ˌɑ.meː.riːˈkɑːnsmiriˈkɒːnz]]]) is a Netherlandic language of theWest Germanic language family widelyprimarily spoken acrossthroughout northernNorth America. ItAlong initiallywith evolved[[Afrikaans]] fromand [[Tauaans]], Amerikaens is a numberproduct of [[Dutch17th-century language|Dutch]] dialectssettler spokencolonialism. inIt [[Newis Netherland]]established duringas thean 17thofficial andlanguage 18thin six sovereign centuriesstates, incorporatingseveral influencesnorthwestern from[[Mexico|Mexican]] immigrantprovinces, languagesand suchthe as''de facto'' [[English languageColombia|EnglishColombian]], territory of [[FrenchPanama languageCity|FrenchPanama]],. andSince German1951, varieties.Amerikaens Ithas beganalso tobeen be widelybeen recognized as anthe independentprimary working language duringof the late[[Association 18thof century,North leadingAmerican to its gradual standardizationNations]].
 
It is the second most widely spoken Germanic language in the world, behind [[English language|English]] and after [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. Only since 1910 has Amerikaens been subject to legal regulation by the [[Taelkomisie]], allowing it to diverge greatly from its sister languages, eventually becoming mutually unintelligible with standard Dutch sometime in the 19th century. Its unique phonology, orthography, and grammar has been influenced by a diverse pool of European immigrants, indigenous languages of North America, the great geographic extent across which its dialects are spoken, and the rise of [[Anti-Atlanticism|anti-Atlanticist ideology]] in the late modern era.
Today, it serves as the official language of a number of [[Amerikaener]] states such as [[New Netherland]], [[Tussenland]], [[Boschland]], and several others. Since 1910, the language had maintained a standard literary form promulgated by the [[Amerikaens Taelkomisie]] and codified in an official encyclopedic dictionary known as the [[Taelbück]]. The New Netherland accent is often considered the most prestigious form of the spoken language and thus is generally imitated in formal media and politics.
 
== Nomenclature ==
SpeakersDialects of earlythe formsDutch oflanguage Amerikaensin the Americas mainlywere referred to theiras language''Nederduytsch'' asor ''Lîg Duyts'' ('Low Dutch', ''Leeg Duits'' in European orthography), a dated term referringprior to Lowthe Germanlate and18th Dutch dialectscentury. With the independence of New Netherland in the late 18th century, the term ''Amerikaens'' gained prominencepopularity inas accordancethe with[[Amerikaener|Amerikaener theidentity]] riseformed. ofThe Amerikaenerformer ethnictwo identityterms are still used extensively in academia, everyday speech, and theregional formationdialects, ofespecially awhen newneeded nationalto consciousness.distinguish it from other Germanic varieties.
 
== History ==
The Dutch term for the language is ''Amerikaans'', while some English speakers may refer to the language simply as 'American Dutch', a term which has been deemed inaccurate and misleading by the Amerikaens Taelkomisie.
 
==History Phonology ==
{{Main|Amerikaens phonology}}
==Varieties and distribution==
Standard Amerikaens pronunciation, commonly known as the ''Juys Mondordt'' (<abbr>lit. 'p</abbr>roper speech'), is the preferred formal register of the language originating in the 19th-century speech of bourgeois communities in coastal [[New Netherland]].
==Phonology==
 
Since Amerikaens pronunciation differs greatly across the American continent, the prestige accent of New Netherland is often referred to as the standard. It has a native phonemic inventory of 25 consonants and 17 vowels, though the phonetic realization of them varies according to the speaker's socioeconomic, ethnic, and regional background.
=== <small>Consonants</small> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |
!
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Dorsal
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
Line 30:
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}}</small>
|p pʰ b
|p
|t tʰ d
|t
| tʃ{{ref|a}}
|
|k kʰ g
|k
|
|-
!<small>{{abbr|v.|Voiced}}</small>
!Fricative
|b
| f v{{ref|b}}{{ref|e}}
|d
|s z{{ref|b}}
| ʃ{{ref|a}} ʒ
|χ{{ref|c}}
|h{{ref|d}}
|-
!Approximant
| w{{ref|e}}
| l{{ref|f}}
|
|jg
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
!Rhotic
|
|r{{ref|g}}
|
|t͡ʃ 
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Back
! colspan="2" |Diphthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}}</small>
|f
!
|s
!<small>unrounded</small>
|ʃ{{ref|''Sch'' sound|2}}
!<small>rounded</small>
|χ{{ref|''Cha'' sound|1}}
!<small>front</small>
|h
!<small>back</small>
|-
!<small>{{abbr|v.|Voiced}}</small>
!Close
|v
|i iː
|yːz
|
|
| u(ː){{ref|h}}
|iw
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
!Close-mid
|eːw
|l
|
|j
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="3" |r
|o(ː)
|
|}
{{note|''Cha'' sound|1}}/χ/ formed as a merger of the Dutch /ɣ/ and /x/. Its voiced allophonic contexts is [ʁ], often mistaken as a rhotic due to its similarity to the French 'r'.
 
==== Palatalization ====
Due to mutual conditioning with the umlaut process and the diverse origins of Amerikaens speakers, Dutch consonant sequences such as /sx/ were palatalized into /ʃ/{{note|''Sch'' sound|2}}. Palatal consonants such as /t͡ʃ/, previously analyzed as the sequence /tj/, became distinctly phonemic.
 
The traditional and most common Dutch diminutive, -''(t)je'', is too palatalized in Amerikaens, One of the most popular examples is the given name ''Annetje'' ('Annie'), which according to the 1910 Taelbück is to be written as ''Anne<u>tia</u>'' and pronounced [[Amerikaens#Phonology|[ɑnæt͡ʃə]]].
 
=== <small>Vowels</small> ===
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! colspan="2" |Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Close
|i
|y
|
|
|uː
|-
!Mid
|
|ɛ{{ref|i}}
|œ œːø{{ref|jMorphological umlaut|1}}
|ə
|ʌo
|
|ɔ ɔː{{ref|k}}
|œu
|ɔw ɔi
|-
!Open-mid
! Near-open
|ɛ
|æ æː{{ref|i}}
|œ
|
|
|ɔː
|
|
|æi
|
|-
! Open
|æ
 
|
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑ ɑː{{ref|k}}
|ɑː
|
|
|ɑw ɑi
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Fronting
!Centering
!Backing
|-
|ui
| rowspan="3" |ɛ<sup>ə</sup>
|iu
|-
|ɔi
|œu
|-
|ɑi
|ɑu
|}
|}
The Amerikaens vowel system, largely based on that of Hollandic Dutch, underwent a thorough counterclockwise vowel shift known as the ''Linksom''. It also developed features found in some littoral Flemish or Rhenish German dialects, such as morphological umlaut.
 
====Amerikaens vowelUmlaut shift====
Amerikaens has developed a system of i-umlaut mutation in long back vowels. This feature initially failed to spread to western Dutch dialects, such as the dominant Hollandic. According to the ''Palatalsprickel'' theory proposed by linguist [[Hans Meißen]] in 1924, the palatalization of certain consonants is responsible for the mutation of radical vowels (i-umlaut) in Amerikaens and other trans-Rhenish Germanic languages. This change can originally be traced back to the diverse stock of European immigrants who arrived in America between 1650 and 1800.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Amerikaens underwent a mostly qualitative vowel shift. Front short vowels were lowered, open vowels were backed or rounded, some vowels were lengthened, and two had experienced mergers ([ʏ] → /ʌ/, [ø] → /œ/) likely due to non-Dutch influences. In total, four vowels found in Dutch were either eliminated or never adopted ([aː], [ʏ], [ø], [ɪ]) in Amerikaens. Diphthongs had also changed during this process: [œy] to [œu] and ''ij'' [ɛi] to ''ÿ'' [ɑi]/[æi].
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
This mutation of /uː/ and /ɔː/, most commonly represented with /ø/{{note|Morphological umlaut|1}}, only occurs in closed syllables with all coda except ''-s(t)'', ''-(n)t'', or ''-r(t)'', which fail to trigger the preceding vowel and cause it to retain its backness. As a pure result of morphological umlaut, /ø/ is not a part of Amerikaens' underlying vowel inventory, unlike every other front vowel present in the language. Due to its proximity to other phonemic vowels, it may be realized as [ʏ], [ø̞], or even [ɵ] depending on the individual speaker and morphological context.
 
=== <small>List of major sound changes</small> ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
!Dutch
!Amerikaens
|-
! colspan="3" |Example
| rowspan="2" |eː
|i
|-
|ɛ<sup>ə</sup>
|-
|ɪ
|ɛ
|[ɪk] ''ik''
|[ɛk] ''ik''
|'I'
|-
|ɛ
|æ
|[wɛx] ''weg''
|[wæχ] ''weg''
|'Road'
|-
| rowspan="32" |ɑaː
|ɔː
|ɑ
|[bɑŋk] ''bank''
| [bɑŋk] ''banck''
|'Bench'
|-
|ɑː
|[ɑxt] ''acht''
|[ɑːχt] ''agt''
|'Eight'
|-
|ɔ
| rowspan="3" |ʌ
|o
|[pɑt] ''pad''
| [pʌt] ''padt''
|'Toad'
|-
| rowspan="3" |oː
|ʏ
|ɔː
|[lʏxt] ''lucht''
|[lʌχt] ''lught''
 
|'Sky'
 
|-
|uː
| rowspan="3" |o
|[os] ''os''
|[ʌs] ''os''
|'Ox'
|-
| rowspan="2" |øː
|o
|[oːk] ''ook''
|[oːk] ''ök''
|'Also'
|-
| rowspan="2" |uː
|ɔː
|[ons]
|[ɔːns]
|'Us'
|-
|iuː
|iː
|[tin] ''tien''
|[tiːn] ''tîn''
|'Ten'
|-
|uʏ
|ə
|uː
|[stul] ''stoel''
|[stuːl] ''stül''
|'Chair', 'seat'
|-
|œy
| rowspan="3" |eː
|eːœu
|[ˈne.ɣə(n)] ''negen''
|[ˈneː.χə] ''nege''
|'Nine'
|-
|ɛi
| ɛ<sup>ə</sup>, ɛː
|ɑi
|[neːr] ''neer''
|[nɛːr] ''nîr''
|'Near'
|-
|eːu
|iː
|iu
|[eːn] ''een''
| [iːn] ''în''
|'One'
|-
|aːi
| rowspan="2" |aː
|ɔi
|ɑː
|[jaːr] ''jaar''
|[jɑːr] ''jaer''
|'Year'
|-
|oːi
|ɔː
|ui
|[ˈɦaː.vər] ''haver''
|[ˈhɔː.fər] ''hafer''
|'Oats'
|-
|sx
| rowspan="2" |ɛi
| rowspan="2" |ʃ
|ɑi
|[ˈstrɛi̯kə(n)] ''strijken''
|[ˈstrɑikə] ''strÿcke''
|'To iron'
|-
|æisj
|[vɛi̯f] ''vijf''
| [væif] ''vÿf''
|'Five'
|-
|øtj
|t͡ʃ
|œ
|[nøːs] ''neus''
|[nœz] ''neus''
|'Nose'
|-
|œyɦ
|œuh
|[ɦœy̯s] ''huis''
|[hœus] ''huys''
|'House'
|}
==Orthography==
Amerikaens orthography was first widely standardized by law in 1910 with the publication of the first edition of the [[Taelbück]] in New Netherland. Since then, the Taelbück has been considered the unequivocal authority on Amerikaens spelling in north America. Its conventions, derived mainly from old Dutch orthography, has also incorporated innovations by formalizing the use of diacritics.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Dutch
|aa
|d
|ee
|ei
|f
|ij
|k
|l
|m
|oo
|oe
|ui
|uu
|-
|ɣ
!Amerikaens
| rowspan="2" |χ
|ae
|-
|dt{{ref|l}}
|îx
|ey
|v{{ref|l}}
|ÿ
|ck
|ll{{ref|m}}
|mm{{ref|m}}
|ö
|ü
|uy
|ue
|}
The use of ''ö'' and ''ü'' has been controversial as they represent entirely different phonetic values in Amerikaens compared to all other Germanic languages, thus creating confusion. Numerous orthographic reforms have been proposed in order to address issues such as this. However they have all been rejected by the Taelkomisie, which has been characterized as a conservative institution in modern times.
====Sound change====
Lenition is prevalent in Amerikaens, especially affecting consonants in the middle of words. Most notably, it affects the suffix ''-tie''. Initially, the suffix was realized as /tsi/ but has since shifted solely to /si/. Deletion of final sounds (coda) is also common; final consonants and vowels, commonly ''n'' and ''e'', are elided. These changes are markedly reflected in modern Amerikaens orthography; for example, Dutch ''politie'' has become Amerikaens ''polisie'' (/pʌ.ˈliː.si/, lit. 'police').
*Dutch ''tevrede<u>n</u>'' → ''tevrede'' (/təˈvreː.də/, lit. content, satisfied)
* Dutch ''zeid<u>e</u>'' → ''zeyd'' (/zæit/, lit. said)
 
== Orthography ==
====Letter-sound correspondence====
Modern Amerikaens orthography is based on the rules published by the [[Taelkomisie]], specifically the [[Law of New Netherland|Placaet]] of 19 August 1910 and the proliferation of the Taelbück. It was created during an era of intense [[Amerikaeners|Amerikaener nationalism]] and [[anti-Atlanticism]]. Unlike other Latin orthographies, Amerikaens orthography departs heavily from tradition and Latinate conventions. It has also been noted as over-representing phonological processes such as palatalization and umlaut to compensate for the lack of it in its sister scripts such as those of [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Standard German]].
Amerikaens uses a number of graphemes to represent sounds, including several digraphs, trigraphs, and quadgraphs.
 
=== <small>Spelling to sound correspondences</small> ===
{|
|+
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants
!Spelling
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Main values
! colspan="2" |IPA
!Minor values
|-
|'''b'''
!<small>initial</small>
! <small>final</small>
|-
!b
|/b/
|/b/, /p/
|-
|'''c'''
!ch
|/k/
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|/s/, /t͡ʃ/
|-
|'''ch'''
!d
|/dʃ/
|/d/, /tχ/
|-
|'''ck'''
!dj
|/k/
| colspan="2" |/ʒ/, /dʲ/
|—
|-
|'''d'''
!f
|/d/
| colspan="2" |/f/
|/t/
|-
|'''dt'''
|/t/
|/d/
|-
|'''dsch'''
!gh
|/d͡ʒ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/χ/
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|'''f'''
! rowspan="2" |g
|/f/
|—
|-
|'''g'''
|/g/
|/χ/
|-
|'''gh'''
|/χ/
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
|'''h'''
|/h/
|-
|'''j'''
|/j/
|-
|'''k'''
|/k/
|-
|'''kh'''
!h
|/χ/
| colspan="2" |/h/, Ø
|/k/
|-
|'''l'''
!j
|/l/
| colspan="2" |/j/
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
|'''m'''
!k
|/m/
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|'''mm'''
!l
|/m(ː)/
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|'''n'''
!m
|/n/
| colspan="2" |/m/
|/ŋ/
|-
|'''ng'''
!n
|/ŋ/
| colspan="2" |/n/
|/n/, /ŋk/
|-
|'''p'''
!ng
|/p/
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|/b/
|-
|'''ph'''
!p
|/f/
| colspan="2" |/p/
|/p/
|-
|'''q'''
!r
|/k/
| colspan="2" |/r/
|—
|-
|'''qu'''
|/k/
|/ku/
|-
|'''r'''
|/r/
|—
|-
|'''s'''
!s
|/s/
|/s/, /z/
|-
|'''sch'''
!sj
|/ʃ/
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/, /sʲ/
|—
|-
|'''t'''
!sch
|/t/
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/
|/d/
|-
|'''th'''
!t
| colspan="2" |/t/
|/d/
|-
!|'''tsch'''
|/t͡ʃ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/tʃ/
|/d͡ʒ/
|-
|'''v'''
!tch
|/v/
|/w/
|-
|'''w'''
!v
|/w/
|/v/
|/v/, /f/
|-
|'''z'''
!w
|/z/
| colspan="2" |/w/
|/s/
|-
|'''zh'''
!z
| colspan="2" |/z/
|/ʒ/
|}
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowels
!Spelling
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Main values
! colspan="2" |IPA
!Minor values
|-
|'''a'''
! <small>checked</small>
|/ɑ/
!<small>free</small>
|/ə/
|-
|'''ae'''
! rowspan="2" |a
|/ɑː/
|/ɑ(ː)/, /ʌ/
|/ɑ(ː)ɔː/
|-
|'''aey'''
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|/ɑːi/
|—
|-
|'''ay'''
!ae
|/ɑi/
| colspan="2" |/ɑː/
|/ɔi/
|-
|'''au, auw'''
!aei
|/ɑu/
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |/ɑ(ː)i/
|—
|-
|'''e'''
!ai
|/æ/
|-
!au(w)
| colspan="2" |/ɑw(ː)/, /ɔw(ː)/
|-
! rowspan="2" |e
|/ɛ/
|/eː/
|-
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|-
!|'''ey'''
|/ɑi/
| colspan="2" |/æi/
|—
|-
|'''eu, euw'''
!eu
|/œ/
| colspan="2" |/y(ː)/, /œ(ː)/
|/ø/
|-
|'''i'''
! rowspan="2" |i
| rowspan="3" |/i/
|/ɛ/
|/i(ː)/
|-
|'''î'''
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|ɛ<sup>ə</sup>
|-
|'''ie'''
!î
| colspanrowspan="2" |/eː/—
|-
|'''ieuw'''
!ie
|/iu/
| colspan="2" |/i(ː)/
|-
|'''o'''
!ieuw
|/o/
| colspan="2" |/iw/
|/ɔː/
|-
|'''ö'''
!o
|/ɔː/
| colspan="2" |/o(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/
|/ø/
|-
|'''oy, öy'''
!ö
|/ɔi/
| colspan="2" |/oː/
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
|'''ou, ouw'''
!oi
|/ɑu/
| colspan="2" |/ɔi/
|-
|'''u'''
!ou(w)
|/ə/
| colspan="2" |/ɔw/
|-
|'''ü'''
!u
|/u/
|/ʌ/, /y/, /œ(ː)/
|/yːø/
|-
|'''üy'''
!ü
|/ui/
| colspan="2" |/uː/
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
!|'''uy'''
| colspan="2" |/œu/
|-
!|'''ue'''
|/y/
| colspan="2" |/y(ː)/
|-
!|'''ÿ'''
|/i(ː)ɑi/
|/ɑi/, /æiə/
|}
|}
==Grammar==
Generally speaking, Amerikaens grammar is largely based on the grammars of early modern Dutch, English, and Flemish. It is often considered to have one of the, if not the simplest syntax and morphology of the Germanic languages. The loss and simplification of several features is usually attributed to the language's early role as a ''lingua franca'' between several ethnolinguistic groups.
 
====Nouns====
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s''. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is added to signify plurality.
 
*''kind'' 'child' → ''kinds'' 'children'
*''cÿns'' 'feudal tax' → ''cÿnsen'' 'feudal taxes'
 
Amerikaens preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the late 17th century most probably was influenced by English.
 
== Grammar ==
*Dutch ''de vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' → Amerikaens ''des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'
Compared to other Germanic languages, Amerikaens is considered weakly inflected, genderless, and by far more analytic of a language. The simplification of Amerikaens grammar is attributed to the need among early speakers of distinct ethnolinguistic backgrounds to communicate for purposes such as trade — thus, features like inflectional endings became redundant.
 
====Pronouns Nouns and pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is necessary.
|+Amerikaens pronouns
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Person
!Subject
Line 478 ⟶ 460:
|1st singular
|Ik (''<nowiki/>'k'')
|Mÿ (''me'')
|Mÿn (''men'')
|-
|2nd singular
|Jÿ (''je'')
| Jou (''ju'')
|Jouw (''juw'')
|-
Line 491 ⟶ 473:
|Hÿs (''hes'')
|-
|3rd singular, feminine
|Sÿ (''se'')
|Her (''er'')
Line 502 ⟶ 484:
|2nd plural
| colspan="2" |Jul
| Juls
|-
| 3rd plural, for a person
| colspan="2" |Hun
|Huns
Line 512 ⟶ 494:
|Its
|}
Amerikaens only differs between the singular and plural forms, much like English. The plural form is usually created by the addition of the suffix ''-s''. If a word already ends in an ''s'', then an ''-en'' is appended in order to signify plurality.
 
Amerikaens also preserves the possessive genitive case from archaic Dutch declension unlike other Netherlandic varieties. Its survival beyond the early 18th century most probably was influenced by the [[English language]].
====Determiners ====
{{Blockquote|text='''Dutch''' <br> ''De vriend van de man'' lit. 'the friend of the man' <br> '''Amerikaens''' <br> ''Des mans friendt'' lit. 'the man's friend'}}
Only two articles, a definitive (''de'') and an indefinitive (''în''), exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlands'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
Like Dutch, Amerikaens pronouns retain case distinction; subject (nominative), object (accusative), and possessive (genitive). Pronouns occur in a stressed form and an unstressed form (shown in brackets). The stressed form retains the whole original vowel and is used mainly in formal situations or when distinction is needed.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
==== Determiners ====
Only two articles, the definitive ''de'' 'the' and the indefinitive ''în'' 'a(n)' exist in Amerikaens. They may be inflected in the genitive form (for example, ''Koninckrÿck <u>der</u> Nederlandts'' lit. '[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]').
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Singular
Line 522 ⟶ 508:
!Indefinite
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="2" |de
|în (''<nowiki/>'n'')
|-
!Genitive
|des
|der
|îns (''<nowiki/>'ns'')
|}
Demonstratives are words used to distinguish entities being referred to. As grammatical gender does not exist, there are only four demonstrative determiners in Amerikaens. Proximal indicates that the entities are close to the speaker, while distal incidatesindicates that they are far away.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
!Singular
Line 539 ⟶ 524:
!English
|-
!Proximal
| colspan="2" |dese
|'This', 'these'
 
|-
!Distal
| colspan="2" |dat
|'That', 'those'
|-
!Possessive
|dies
|dier
|'Their's', 'the latter's'
|}
 
====Verbs====
==== Verbs ====
Amerikaens is considered a tenseless language as verbs do not have morphological tenses; they do not conjugate or inflect. The infinitive form of the verb is complimented by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb to indicate different tenses.
Much like its sister language [[Afrikaans]], Amerikaens does not inflect or conjugate, nor is there a distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs. In order to form different verb forms such as tense, aspect, and modality, the infinitive form of the verb is accompanied by a pronoun and an auxiliary verb. The below table uses the example of the verb ''ît'' ('eat') in the perfect and continuous tenses.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Amerikaens
! rowspan="2" |Dutch
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
!<small>Pronoun</small>
!Tense
!<small>Auxiliary verb</small>
! Form
!<small>Infinitive</small>
!Amerikaens
! Dutch
!English
|-
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
|''Ît(e)''
|''Eten''
|''(To) eat''
 
|-
!Present
| rowspan="6" |Ik
|Pronoun + verb
|∅
|''Ik ît''
| rowspan="6" |ît
|''Ik eet''
|Ik eet
|''I eat''
|I eat
|-
!Past
|hab
|Pronoun ''+ hab'' + verb
|''Ik hab ît''at
|I ate
|''Ik at''
|''I ate''
|-
!Future
|zal
|Pronoun + ''zhal'' + verb
|''Ik zhalzal ît''eten
|I will eat
|''Ik zal eten''
|''I will eat''
|-
!Present continuous
! colspan="5" |Continuous aspect
|dü
|Ik ben aan het eten
|I am eating
|-
!Past continuous
!Present
|dîd
|Pronoun + ''dü'' + verb
|''Ik düwas ît''aan het eten
|I was eating
| ''Ik ben aan het eten''
|''I am eating''
|-
!Future continuous
!Past
|zal dü
|Pronoun + ''dîd'' + verb
|''Ik dîdzal ît''eten
|I will be eating
|''Ik was aan het eten''
| ''I was eating''
|-
!Future
|Pronoun + ''zhal dü'' + verb
|''Ik zhal dü ît''
|—
|''I will be eating''
|}
==Vocabulary==
{{Main|Amerikaens vocabulary}}
 
== See also ==
Amerikaens vocabulary is predominately Germanic in origin with significant Latinate and indigenous American influences. The language has also adopted numerous terms from [[Corean language|Corean]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], as well as Slavic and Semitic languages following waves of immigration to Amerikaener northern America in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some varieties of Amerikaens may show marked influence from a particular language; for example, 20% of the lexicon of [[Amerikaens Free State|Free Stater]] Amerikaens derives from [[Spanish language|Spanish]].
__FORCETOC__
 
[[Category:Languages]]
==Notes==
#{{note|a}}/tʃ/'s allophones include [tɕ], [dʒ], and [c], while /ʃ/ can be realized as [ɕ].
# {{note|b}}While the majority of speakers tend to devoice voiced consonants in final position, a significant portion of Amerikaens speakers retain them. This can be attributed to the loss of Dutch assimilation rules in some dialects and sociolects.
# {{note|c}}/χ/ formed as a merger of the original Dutch phonemes [ɣ] and [x]. Before the semi-vowel /j/, it can be fronted to [ç].
#{{note|d}}/h/ has two allophones, [h] and [ɦ].
#{{note|e}}The Dutch /ʋ/ split into phonemes /w/ and /v/ in Amerikaens.
#{{note|f}}Amerikaens speakers of a Slavic background often velarize /l/ as [ɫ] more than others.
#{{note|g}}/r/ has numerous allophones; [r], [ʁ], [ɹ] and [ɾ].
#{{note|h}}Allophones of /u/ include [u], [uː], and [ʊ].
#{{note|i}}A process of front vowel lowering occured in Amerikaens. Dutch [ɪ] lowered to [ɛ], [ɛ] to [æ]
#{{note|j}}Dutch [ø] and [œ] have lost distinction, with both having phonemically merged into /œ/.
#{{note|k}}Dutch /aː/, a development of the late 17th century, corresponds to phonemes /ɑː/ and /ɔː/ in Amerikaens. This phonological feature, characteristic of the southern [[Netherlands]], was brought to the [[Amerikaener]] world by the earliest settlers.
#{{note|l}}Occurs in word-final position.
#{{note|m}}Occurs in word-medial and word-final position.
 
==See also==
*[[List of languages]]
*[[Amerikaener|Amerikaeners]]
 
__FORCETOC__
Tomartino
rtl-contributors
1,630

edits

Retrieved from "https://wiki.rosestulipsandliberty.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/12989...16510"