Saint-Domingue: Difference between revisions
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{{Nation
|common_name=Saint-Domingue
|full_name=
|flag=Flag of Saint-Domingue.png
|map=Locator_SaintDomingue.png
|established=
|capital= Port-au-Prince
|largest_city=
|government_type= Republic
|languages= French (official) </br> Dominguese Creole </br> Spanish </br> Others
▲|currency= {{unbulleted_list | Saint-Domingue franc (SMF), current}}
}}
'''Saint-Domingue''', also known as '''Dominica''' and officially the '''State of Saint-Domingue''' (French: ''L'État de Saint Domingue'', Spanish: ''Estado de Santo Domingo'', [[Amerikaens]]: ''Destaet van Sint-Dominick'') is a Caribbean country encapsulating the island of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola Kiskella] and vicinal islets.
== Etymology ==
The country was named after the Spanish [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic Saint Dominic] of the Dominican Order in the 16th century. There are several variations of this name too, including ''Dominica'' in English, ''Sint-Dominick'' in [[Amerikaens]] and Dutch, and most commonly as ''Santo Domingo'' (Spanish).
Saint-Domingue's indigenous name is Kiskella (French: ''Qesquella'', Spanish: ''Quisqueya''). It is used colloquially by speakers of Dominguese Creole and features as a poetic & romantic name for the nation. The country may also be called ''Hispaniola'' or ''Haïti''.
==History==
{{Main|History of Saint-Domingue}}
====Premodern history ====
===== Taino dominance =====
===== Spanish colonial rule =====
===== French colonial rule =====
==== Islandwide French rule (1756-1815) ====
===== France acquires all of Kiskella =====
{{Main|History_of_Europe#Great_Silesian_War_(1750-1755)}}
After the war, the French initially agree to cede their captured territory. But following protests by the locals on the island - particularly French colonial elites who hoped to expand their sugar cane plantations - the French attempt to renegotiate and end up swapping the east side of the island for the African island of [[Santa Apolónia]]. The French were forced to recognize the land rights of the existing former Spanish subjects.
==== Reform period (1815-1862) ====
===== Post-Augustine era =====
During the [[History of Europe#French
===== Abolition of slavery =====
In the 1850s, abolitionist sentiments swept the colony. After a massive slave revolt inspired by [[Zoekerism]] and [[South Tussenland]]'s independence, Governor General [[Jean-Michel de Lepinay]] declared all slaves on the island free on the 18th of March, 1853. The Governor did not get approval to go through with manumission by the metropolitan French government, thus enraging the colonial ruling class. The French navy was sent to Port-au-Prince that summer to re-establish slavery but was ultimately unsuccessful, leading to the ratification of the March manumission declaration.
==== Independence ====▼
After the [[Canton War]] nearly bankrupted the French treasury, the imperial French government tried to raise funds by increasing taxes on sugar, coffee and perfume exports from Saint-Domingue and increasing import tariffs on processed goods from [[New Netherland]] and [[Mexico]]. This led to a series of riots against French imperial rule in the summer of 1859. The French responded by confiscating the land and assets of merchants who were believed to be insurgents. In response to these sanctions, a group of wealthy mestizo elites set up a pro-independence society known as the [[Order of Saint Domingue|New Order of Saint Domingue]] (Creole: ''Canfreyri Noveyl de Sendomin'').
This organization agitated against French rule by collaborating with freed black slaves with the promise of universal suffrage, regardless of race. After the [[Neybe Incident]], when a drunk French soldier shot and killed a Dominican woman in March of 1861, riots broke out across the island. The rebels hastily organized a militia called the ''Armée Populaire de Saint Domingue''. At the same time, rural black sharecroppers and farmworkers took up arms and sided with the rebels. After only four months of fighting, the French military was kicked off the island. Soon after, the rebels declared the independence of Saint- Domingue on the 16th of August, 1861.
=====
Two months later, the French returned and lay sieged to the island. After a long siege and a week of brutal urban warfare, the French reconquered the city of Saint-Domingue in an event known as Le Lundi Bleu. Over 5,000 people were massacred.
▲During the French revolution and the subsequent rule of Austino the British took control of the island after the battle of Santo-Domingo. The British found it hard to manage and the free black, mixed race and white Francophone populations resentful of British rule. During the Congress of Vienna the island was returned to French rule. When the French returned to the colony they found the islanders increasingly rebellious and after a aborted revolution in 1815 agreed to the colonials demands of increased autonomy of internal affairs, increased representation of the colony in the form of a locally elected governor and full equal rights to mixed race Domingues. During the next decade the colony became very prosperous once again after the chaos of revolution. In 1832, after a slave revolt that captured the north-western region of the island was put down, the French colonial governor implemented slave protection laws to try to improve working conditions for slaves on sugar plantations and to decrease the risk of slave revolts. During the 1850’s abolitionist sentiments swept the colony and after a massive slave revolt spurred on by news of South Tussenlandts independence the Governor General of Saint-Domingue Jean-Michel de Lepinay declared all slaves on the island free on March 18th 1853.The French republic was threatened by this news, as the governor didn’t get approval of manumission through the French Government. French navy was sent to Port-au-Prince that summer, but after a few weeks of tension the French government backed down and ratified the manumission of all slaves in the empire, the abolishment of slavery and a token payment of restitution to former slaveowners.
In the spring of 1862, [[New Netherland]], [[South Tussenland]], and [[United Kingdom|Britain]] were starting to pressure the French to back down. South Tussenland, a Zoekerist theocracy at the time, recognized the independence of Saint-Domingue and sent aid to the rebels. The French offensive stalled and the rebels began to decimate French forces. After eighteen months of rebellion, the French government recognized the independence of Saint Domingue on the 9th of October, 1862.{{Nations of the World}}
▲=== Independence ===
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